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2008年11月29日星期六
″I wish Central Bank would be robbed,″George Pickens said to himself। He had been making this wish daily from the time he had started work as a teller at the bank. All over the country banks were being robbed, George thought sourly. Why not this bank ？Were robbers scornful of its four－million－dollar capital？Were they afraid of Mr. Ackerman, the old bank guard, who hadn＇t pulled out his gun in twenty－two years？ Of course, George had a reason for wanting the bank to be robbed. After all, he couldn＇t simply take the thick bundles of bills that were under his hands all day long. So he had thought of another way to get them. His plan was simple. It went like this： If Bank Robber A holds up Bank Teller B… And if Bank Teller B gives Bank Robber A a certain amount of money… What is to prevent Bank Teller B from keeping all the money left and claiming that it was stolen by Bank Robber A？ There was only one problem. Where was Bank Robber A？ One morning George entered the bank feeling something was about to happen.″Good morning, Mr. Burrows.″he said cheerfully. The bank president muttered something and went into his office. At two o＇clock Bank Robber A walked in. George knew he was a bank robber. For one thing, he slunk in. For another thing, he wore a mask. ″This is a holdup.″the man said roughly. He took a pistol from his pocket. The guard made a small sound.″You,″the bank robber said,″lie down on the floor.″Mr. Ackerman lay down. The robber stepped over to George＇s cage. ″All right.″he said.″Hand it over.″″Yes, sir.″said George.″Would you like it in ten－or－twenty－dollar bills？″ ″Just hand it over！″ George reached into his cashbox and took all the bills from the top section, close to six thousand dollars. He passed them through the window. The robber snatched them, stuffed them into his pocket, and turned to leave. Then, while everyone watched Bank Robber A, Bank Teller B calmly lifted off the top section of the cashbox and slipped bills from the bottom section into his pockets. The bank robber was gone. George fainted. When he woke he smiled up at the worried faces looking down at him.″I＇m all right.″he said bravely. ″Perhaps you should go home, George.″Mr. Bell, the chief auditor, said. As soon as he was safely behind his bedroom door, George took the money from his pockets and counted it. He had seven thousand dollars. He was very happy。 The next morning when George arrived at the bank, it was not open for business. But everyone was there, helping to examine the bank＇s records for the special audit Mr. Bell was taking. George was called into Mr. Burrows＇s office. The bank president seemed strangely cheerful.″George,″he said,″I want you to meet Mr. Carruthers, who used to be president of our bank.″ ″Good morning, George.″said Mr. Carruthers.″I was sorry to hear you fainted yesterday. Are you all right now？″ ″Yes, sir. Just fine, thanks.″ ″I＇m glad to hear it. That was quite an adventure. It just goes to show how easy it is to rob our bank.″ ″Sir？″said George, confused.″ George, I was sorry to give you a hard time yesterday, but with all the banks being robbed these days I thought it would be a good idea to prove that our little bank can be robbed too. I have retired, but I haven＇t stopped thinking. That＇s why I played my little game yesterday, just to keep everybody on his toes.″ ″I don＇t understand.″said George.″What game？″ The old man laughed and whipped out a mask. He placed it over his face and said,″All right. Hand it over！″Mr. Burrows laughed but George did not. ″And the money？″George asked in a small voice. ″Don＇t worry.″Mr. Carruthers said.″I put it all back in your cashbox, all six thousand. We＇re just finishing up the audit now.″George turned cold with fear. Behind them, the door opened and Mr. Bell, the chief auditor, put his head into the room.″Mr.Burrows,″he said gravely,″may I see you a moment？″ 欢迎到我们银行来 “我真希望中央银行遭劫。”乔治·皮肯斯自言自语道。自从他在这家银行当上出纳以来,天天都这样希望。 全国的银行都被抢了,怎么不抢这家？他越想越不是滋味儿。难道强盗们看不上这里400万美元的资金？还是他们怕这里的老警卫阿克门先生？他已经22年没掏出他的枪了。 当然,乔治有理由盼望这个银行遭劫。毕竟,他不可能把他整天经手的大捆大捆的钞票就这么拿走。于是,他想出了另一个法子把它们弄到手。他的计划很简单,大致如下： 假如强盗甲劫持了银行出纳员乙……假设乙把一定数额的钱交给了甲…… 那么又有什么能阻止乙把剩下的钱全部私吞,然后就说所有的钱都被甲抢走了呢？问题只有一个,强盗甲在哪儿？ 一天早晨,乔治走进银行时觉得似乎要出事。“早晨好,伯罗斯先生。”他高兴地向经理问候,经理嘀咕了什么就走进了自己的办公室。 两点钟的时候,强盗甲走进了银行。乔治知道他是抢银行的强盗,原因之一是他进来时鬼鬼祟祟,二是他戴着面具。 “这是抢劫！”那家伙粗暴地说。他从口袋里掏出手枪。警卫发出了一点儿声响。“你,”强盗说：“趴在地上！”阿克门先生趴下了。强盗走到乔治的窗口前。 “好,把钱交出来！” “是,先生,”乔治答应着：“你要10元一张的还是20元一张的？” “交出来就行了！” 乔治把手伸进装现金的盒子,把顶层的钞票都拿了出来———有6000元左右。他把钱从窗口递出来。强盗抓住钱塞进口袋,转身就跑。 当大伙都盯着强盗甲的时候,出纳乙沉着地把盒子里下层的钞票偷偷塞进了自己的口袋。 强盗跑了。乔治晕倒在地。当他醒来时,朝那一张张焦急地瞧着他的脸微笑。“我没事。”他勇敢地说。 “也许你应该回家去,乔治。”首席审计员贝尔先生说。 乔治刚刚安然走进自己的卧室,就在门后,从口袋里掏出钱来数。他有7000美元了,真高兴。 第二天早晨,乔治来到银行。银行没有营业,但全体职员都来了,正在协助贝尔先生进行特别查账,审核银行记录。 乔治被叫进了伯罗斯先生的办公室。这位银行经理似乎出人意料地高兴。“乔治,”他说：“我想让你见一下我们银行的前任经理卡拉瑟斯先生。” “早上好,乔治,”卡拉瑟斯先生说：“听说你昨天晕倒了,我很难过。你现在好了吗？” “是的,先生。全好了,谢谢！” “我很高兴你没事了。那确实是非同一般的冒险,这件事说明抢咱们银行真容易！” “您说什么？”乔治有些迷惑不解。 “乔治,很抱歉昨天让你经历了一段难捱的时刻。因为近来所有银行都遭到了抢劫,我觉得想个办法证明咱们的银行也会被抢,倒是个不坏的主意。我已经退休了,可我并没停止思索。这就是为什么昨天我搞了个小游戏,只不过是为了让每个人保持警觉。” “我不明白,”乔治说：“什么游戏？” 这位老人笑了,嗖地一下拿出一个面具,把它戴在自己脸上,说：“好,把钱交出来！”伯罗斯先生哈哈大笑,乔治可笑不出来。 “那钱？”乔治小声问。 “别担心,”卡拉瑟斯先生说：“我已经把钱全放回你的现金盒子里了,一共6000。我们就要查完账了！”乔治吓得浑身冰凉。 他们身后那扇门开了,首席审计员贝尔先生把头伸了进来。“伯罗斯先生,”他严肃地说：“您能出来一下吗？”
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Clinton's Farewell Speech 克林顿告别演说
President Bill Clinton: My fellow citizens, tonight is my last opportunity to speak to you from the Oval Office as your president. I am profoundly grateful to you for twice giving me the honor to serve, to work for you and with you to prepare our nation for the 21st century. And I'm grateful to Vice President Gore, to my Cabinet secretaries, and to all those who have served with me for the last eight years. 同胞们，今晚是我最后一次作为你们的总统，在白宫椭圆形办公室向你们做最后一次演讲。 我从心底深处感谢你们给了我两次机会和荣誉，为你们服务，为你们工作，和你们一起为我们的国家进入21世纪做准备。这里，我要感谢戈尔副总统，我的内阁部长们以及所有伴我度过过去8年的同事们。
This has been a time of dramatic transformation, and you have risen to every new challenge. You have made our social fabric stronger, our families healthier and safer, our people more prosperous. You, the American people, have made our passage into the global information age an era of great American renewal. 现在是一个极具变革的年代，你们为迎接新的挑战已经做好了准备。是你们使我们的社会更加强大，我们的家庭更加健康和安全，我们的人民更加富裕。 同胞们，我们已经进入了全球信息化时代，这是美国复兴的伟大时代。
In all the work I have done as president, every decision I have made, every executive action I have taken, every bill I have proposed and signed, I've tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams, in a good society, with a strong economy, a cleaner environment, and a freer, safer, more prosperous world. 作为总统，我所做的一切---每一个决定，每一个行政命令，提议和签署的每一项法令，都是在努力为美国人民提供工具和创造条件，来实现美国的梦想，建设美国的未来---一个美好的社会，繁荣的经济，清洁的环境，进而实现一个更自由、更安全、更繁荣的世界。
I have steered my course by our enduring values. Opportunity for all. Responsibility from all. A community of all Americans. I have sought to give America a new kind of government, smaller, more modern, more effective, full of ideas and policies appropriate to this new time, always putting people first, always focusing on the future. 借助我们永恒的价值，我驾驭了我的航程。机会属于每一个美国公民；(我的)责任来自全体美国人民；所有美国人民组成了一个大家庭。我一直在努力为美国创造一个新型的政府：更小、更现代化、更有效率、面对新时代的挑战充满创意和思想、永远把人民的利益放在第一位、永远面向未来。
Working together, America has done well. Our economy is breaking records, with more than 22 million new jobs, the lowest unemployment in 30 years, the highest home ownership ever, the longest expansion in history. 我们在一起使美国变得更加美好。我们的经济正在破着一个又一个的记录，向前发展。我们已创造了2200万个新的工作岗位，我们的失业率是30年来最低的，老百姓的购房率达到一个空前的高度，我们经济繁荣的持续时间是历史上最长的。
Our families and communities are stronger. Thirty-five million Americans have used the family leave law. Eight million have moved off welfare. Crime is at a 25-year low. Over 10 million Americans receive more college aid, and more people than ever are going to college. Our schools are better - higher standards, greater accountability and larger investments have brought higher test scores, and higher graduation rates. 我们的家庭、我们的社会变得更加强大。3500万美国人曾经享受联邦休假，800万人重新获得社会保障，犯罪率是25年来最低的，1000多万美国人享受更多的入学贷款，更多的人接受大学教育。我们的学校也在改善。更高的办学水平、更大的责任感和更多的投资使得我们的学生取得更高的考试分数和毕业成绩。 More than three million children have health insurance now, and more than 7 million Americans have been lifted out of poverty. Incomes are rising across the board. Our air and water are cleaner. Our food and drinking water are safer. And more of our precious land has been preserved, in the continental United States, than at any time in 100 years. 目前，已有300多万美国儿童在享受着医疗保险，700多万美国人已经脱离了贫困线。全国人民的收入在大幅度提高。我们的空气和水资源更加洁净，食品和饮用水更加安全。我们珍贵的土地资源也得到了近百年来前所未有的保护。
America has been a force for peace and prosperity in every corner of the globe. I'm very grateful to be able to turn over the reins of leadership to a new president, with America in such a strong position to meet the challenges of the future. 美国已经成为地球上每个角落促进和平和繁荣的积极力量。我非常高兴能于此时将领导权交给新任总统，强大的美国正面临未来的挑战。
Tonight, I want to leave you with three thoughts about our future. First, America must maintain our record of fiscal responsibility. Through our last four budgets, we've turned record deficits to record surpluses, and we've been able to pay down $600 billion of our national debt, on track to be debt free by the end of the decade for the first time since 1835. 今晚，我希望大家能从以下3点审视我们的未来：第一，美国必须保持它的良好财政状况。通过过去4个财政年度的努力，我们已经把破纪录的财政赤字变为破纪录的盈余。并且，我们已经偿还了6000亿美元的国债，我们正向10年内彻底偿还国家债务的目标迈进，这将是1835年以来的第一次。
Staying on that course will bring lower interest rates, greater prosperity and the opportunity to meet our big challenges. If we choose wisely, we can pay down the debt, deal with the retirement of the baby boomers, invest more in our future and provide tax relief. 只要这样做，就会带来更低的利率、更大的经济繁荣，从而能够迎接将来更大的挑战。如果我们做出明智的选择，我们就能偿还债务，解决(二战后出生的)一大批人们的退休问题，对未来进行更多的投资，并减轻税收。 Second, because the world is more connected every day in every way, America's security and prosperity require us to continue to lead in the world. At this remarkable moment in history, more people live in freedom that ever before. Our alliances are stronger than ever. People all around the world look to America to be a force for peace and prosperity, freedom and security. The global economy is giving more of our own people, and billions around the world, the chance to work and live and raise their families with dignity. 第二，世界各国的联系日益紧密。为了美国的安全与繁荣，我们应继续融入世界。在这个特别的历史时刻，更多的美国人民享有前所未有的自由。我们的盟国更加强大。全世界人民期望美国成为和平与繁荣、自由与安全的力量。全球经济给予美国民众以及全世界人民更多的机会去工作、生活，更体面地养活家庭。
But the forces of integration that have created these good opportunities also make us more subject to global forces of destruction, to terrorism, organized crime and narco-trafficking, the spread of deadly weapons and disease, the degradation of the global environment. 但是，这种世界融合的趋势一方面为我们创造了良好的机会，但同时使得我们在全球范围内更容易遭致破坏性力量、恐怖主义、有组织的犯罪、贩毒活动，致命性武器和疾病传播的威胁。
The expansion of trade hasn't fully closed the gap between those of us who live on the cutting edge of the global economy and the billions around the world who live on the knife's edge of survival. 尽管世界贸易不断扩大，但它没能缩小处于全球经济繁荣中的我们同数十亿处于死亡边缘的人们之间的距离。
This global gap requires more than compassion. It requires action. Global poverty is a powder keg that could be ignited by our indifference. In his first inaugural address, Thomas Jefferson warned of entangling alliances. But in our times, America cannot and must not disentangle itself from the world. If we want the world to embody our shared values, then we must assume a shared responsibility. 要解决世界贫富两极分化需要的不是同情和怜悯，而是实际行动。贫穷有可能被我们的漠不关心激化而成为火药桶。 托马斯-杰斐逊在他的就职演说中告诫我们结盟的危害。但是，在我们这个时代，美国不能，也不可能使自己脱离这个世界。如果我们想把我们共有的价值观赋予这个世界，我们必须共同承担起这个责任。
If the wars of the 20th century, especially the recent ones in Kosovo and Bosnia, have taught us anything, it is that we achieve our aims by defending our values and leading the forces of freedom and peace. We must embrace boldly and resolutely that duty to lead, to stand with our allies in word and deed, and to put a human face on the global economy so that expanded trade benefits all people in all nations, lifting lives and hopes all across the world. 如果20世纪的历次战争，尤其是新近在科索沃地区和波斯尼亚爆发的战争，能够让我们得到某种教训的话，我们从中得到的启示应是：由于捍卫了我们的价值观并领导了自由和和平的力量，我们才达到了目标。我们必须坚定勇敢地拥抱这个信念和责任，在语言和行动上与我们的同盟者们站在一起，领导他们按这条道路前进；循着在全球经济中以人为本的观念，让不断发展的贸易能够使所有国家的所有人受益，在全世界范围内提高他们的生活水平和实现他们的梦想。
Third, we must remember that America cannot lead in the world unless here at home we weave the threads of our coat of many colors into the fabric of one America. As we become ever more diverse, we must work harder to unite around our common values and our common humanity. 第三，我们必须牢记如果我们不团结一致，美国就不能领先世界。随着我们变得越来越多样化，我们必须更加努力地团结在共同价值观和共同人性的旗帜下。
We must work harder to overcome our differences. In our hearts and in our laws, we must treat all our people with fairness and dignity, regardless of their race, religion, gender or sexual orientation and regardless of when they arrived in our country, always moving toward the more perfect union of our founders' dreams. 我们要加倍努力地工作，克服生活中存在的种种分歧。于情于法，我们都要让我们的人民受到公正的待遇，不论他是哪一个民族、信仰何种宗教、什么性别或性倾向，或者何时来到这个国家。我们时时刻刻都要为了实现先辈们建立高度团结的美利坚合众国的梦想而奋斗。
Hillary, Chelsea and I join all Americans in wishing our very best to the next president, George W. Bush, to his family and his administration in meeting these challenges and in leading freedom's march in this new century. 希拉里、切尔西和我同美国人民一起，向即将就任的布什总统、他的家人及美国新政府致以衷心的祝福，希望新政府能够勇敢面对挑战，并高扛自由大旗在新世纪阔步前进。
As for me, I'll leave the presidency more idealistic, more full of hope than the day I arrived and more confident than ever that America's best days lie ahead. 对我来说，当我离开总统宝座时，我充满更多的理想，比初进白宫时更加充满希望，并且坚信美国的好日子还在后面。
My days in this office are nearly through, but my days of service, I hope, are not। In the years ahead, I will never hold a position higher or a covenant more sacred than that of president of the United States. But there is no title I will wear more proudly than that of citizen. 我的总统任期就要结束了，但是我希望我为美国人民服务的日子永远不会结束。在我未来的岁月里，我再也不会担任一个能比美利坚合众国总统更高的职位、签订一个比美利坚合众国总统所能签署的更为神圣的契约了。当然，没有任何一个头衔能让我比作为一个美国公民更为自豪的了。 Thank you. God bless you, and God bless America. 谢谢你们！愿上帝保佑你们！愿上帝保佑美国！
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This has been a time of dramatic transformation, and you have risen to every new challenge. You have made our social fabric stronger, our families healthier and safer, our people more prosperous. You, the American people, have made our passage into the global information age an era of great American renewal. 现在是一个极具变革的年代，你们为迎接新的挑战已经做好了准备。是你们使我们的社会更加强大，我们的家庭更加健康和安全，我们的人民更加富裕。 同胞们，我们已经进入了全球信息化时代，这是美国复兴的伟大时代。
In all the work I have done as president, every decision I have made, every executive action I have taken, every bill I have proposed and signed, I've tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams, in a good society, with a strong economy, a cleaner environment, and a freer, safer, more prosperous world. 作为总统，我所做的一切---每一个决定，每一个行政命令，提议和签署的每一项法令，都是在努力为美国人民提供工具和创造条件，来实现美国的梦想，建设美国的未来---一个美好的社会，繁荣的经济，清洁的环境，进而实现一个更自由、更安全、更繁荣的世界。
I have steered my course by our enduring values. Opportunity for all. Responsibility from all. A community of all Americans. I have sought to give America a new kind of government, smaller, more modern, more effective, full of ideas and policies appropriate to this new time, always putting people first, always focusing on the future. 借助我们永恒的价值，我驾驭了我的航程。机会属于每一个美国公民；(我的)责任来自全体美国人民；所有美国人民组成了一个大家庭。我一直在努力为美国创造一个新型的政府：更小、更现代化、更有效率、面对新时代的挑战充满创意和思想、永远把人民的利益放在第一位、永远面向未来。
Working together, America has done well. Our economy is breaking records, with more than 22 million new jobs, the lowest unemployment in 30 years, the highest home ownership ever, the longest expansion in history. 我们在一起使美国变得更加美好。我们的经济正在破着一个又一个的记录，向前发展。我们已创造了2200万个新的工作岗位，我们的失业率是30年来最低的，老百姓的购房率达到一个空前的高度，我们经济繁荣的持续时间是历史上最长的。
Our families and communities are stronger. Thirty-five million Americans have used the family leave law. Eight million have moved off welfare. Crime is at a 25-year low. Over 10 million Americans receive more college aid, and more people than ever are going to college. Our schools are better - higher standards, greater accountability and larger investments have brought higher test scores, and higher graduation rates. 我们的家庭、我们的社会变得更加强大。3500万美国人曾经享受联邦休假，800万人重新获得社会保障，犯罪率是25年来最低的，1000多万美国人享受更多的入学贷款，更多的人接受大学教育。我们的学校也在改善。更高的办学水平、更大的责任感和更多的投资使得我们的学生取得更高的考试分数和毕业成绩。 More than three million children have health insurance now, and more than 7 million Americans have been lifted out of poverty. Incomes are rising across the board. Our air and water are cleaner. Our food and drinking water are safer. And more of our precious land has been preserved, in the continental United States, than at any time in 100 years. 目前，已有300多万美国儿童在享受着医疗保险，700多万美国人已经脱离了贫困线。全国人民的收入在大幅度提高。我们的空气和水资源更加洁净，食品和饮用水更加安全。我们珍贵的土地资源也得到了近百年来前所未有的保护。
America has been a force for peace and prosperity in every corner of the globe. I'm very grateful to be able to turn over the reins of leadership to a new president, with America in such a strong position to meet the challenges of the future. 美国已经成为地球上每个角落促进和平和繁荣的积极力量。我非常高兴能于此时将领导权交给新任总统，强大的美国正面临未来的挑战。
Tonight, I want to leave you with three thoughts about our future. First, America must maintain our record of fiscal responsibility. Through our last four budgets, we've turned record deficits to record surpluses, and we've been able to pay down $600 billion of our national debt, on track to be debt free by the end of the decade for the first time since 1835. 今晚，我希望大家能从以下3点审视我们的未来：第一，美国必须保持它的良好财政状况。通过过去4个财政年度的努力，我们已经把破纪录的财政赤字变为破纪录的盈余。并且，我们已经偿还了6000亿美元的国债，我们正向10年内彻底偿还国家债务的目标迈进，这将是1835年以来的第一次。
Staying on that course will bring lower interest rates, greater prosperity and the opportunity to meet our big challenges. If we choose wisely, we can pay down the debt, deal with the retirement of the baby boomers, invest more in our future and provide tax relief. 只要这样做，就会带来更低的利率、更大的经济繁荣，从而能够迎接将来更大的挑战。如果我们做出明智的选择，我们就能偿还债务，解决(二战后出生的)一大批人们的退休问题，对未来进行更多的投资，并减轻税收。 Second, because the world is more connected every day in every way, America's security and prosperity require us to continue to lead in the world. At this remarkable moment in history, more people live in freedom that ever before. Our alliances are stronger than ever. People all around the world look to America to be a force for peace and prosperity, freedom and security. The global economy is giving more of our own people, and billions around the world, the chance to work and live and raise their families with dignity. 第二，世界各国的联系日益紧密。为了美国的安全与繁荣，我们应继续融入世界。在这个特别的历史时刻，更多的美国人民享有前所未有的自由。我们的盟国更加强大。全世界人民期望美国成为和平与繁荣、自由与安全的力量。全球经济给予美国民众以及全世界人民更多的机会去工作、生活，更体面地养活家庭。
But the forces of integration that have created these good opportunities also make us more subject to global forces of destruction, to terrorism, organized crime and narco-trafficking, the spread of deadly weapons and disease, the degradation of the global environment. 但是，这种世界融合的趋势一方面为我们创造了良好的机会，但同时使得我们在全球范围内更容易遭致破坏性力量、恐怖主义、有组织的犯罪、贩毒活动，致命性武器和疾病传播的威胁。
The expansion of trade hasn't fully closed the gap between those of us who live on the cutting edge of the global economy and the billions around the world who live on the knife's edge of survival. 尽管世界贸易不断扩大，但它没能缩小处于全球经济繁荣中的我们同数十亿处于死亡边缘的人们之间的距离。
This global gap requires more than compassion. It requires action. Global poverty is a powder keg that could be ignited by our indifference. In his first inaugural address, Thomas Jefferson warned of entangling alliances. But in our times, America cannot and must not disentangle itself from the world. If we want the world to embody our shared values, then we must assume a shared responsibility. 要解决世界贫富两极分化需要的不是同情和怜悯，而是实际行动。贫穷有可能被我们的漠不关心激化而成为火药桶。 托马斯-杰斐逊在他的就职演说中告诫我们结盟的危害。但是，在我们这个时代，美国不能，也不可能使自己脱离这个世界。如果我们想把我们共有的价值观赋予这个世界，我们必须共同承担起这个责任。
If the wars of the 20th century, especially the recent ones in Kosovo and Bosnia, have taught us anything, it is that we achieve our aims by defending our values and leading the forces of freedom and peace. We must embrace boldly and resolutely that duty to lead, to stand with our allies in word and deed, and to put a human face on the global economy so that expanded trade benefits all people in all nations, lifting lives and hopes all across the world. 如果20世纪的历次战争，尤其是新近在科索沃地区和波斯尼亚爆发的战争，能够让我们得到某种教训的话，我们从中得到的启示应是：由于捍卫了我们的价值观并领导了自由和和平的力量，我们才达到了目标。我们必须坚定勇敢地拥抱这个信念和责任，在语言和行动上与我们的同盟者们站在一起，领导他们按这条道路前进；循着在全球经济中以人为本的观念，让不断发展的贸易能够使所有国家的所有人受益，在全世界范围内提高他们的生活水平和实现他们的梦想。
Third, we must remember that America cannot lead in the world unless here at home we weave the threads of our coat of many colors into the fabric of one America. As we become ever more diverse, we must work harder to unite around our common values and our common humanity. 第三，我们必须牢记如果我们不团结一致，美国就不能领先世界。随着我们变得越来越多样化，我们必须更加努力地团结在共同价值观和共同人性的旗帜下。
We must work harder to overcome our differences. In our hearts and in our laws, we must treat all our people with fairness and dignity, regardless of their race, religion, gender or sexual orientation and regardless of when they arrived in our country, always moving toward the more perfect union of our founders' dreams. 我们要加倍努力地工作，克服生活中存在的种种分歧。于情于法，我们都要让我们的人民受到公正的待遇，不论他是哪一个民族、信仰何种宗教、什么性别或性倾向，或者何时来到这个国家。我们时时刻刻都要为了实现先辈们建立高度团结的美利坚合众国的梦想而奋斗。
Hillary, Chelsea and I join all Americans in wishing our very best to the next president, George W. Bush, to his family and his administration in meeting these challenges and in leading freedom's march in this new century. 希拉里、切尔西和我同美国人民一起，向即将就任的布什总统、他的家人及美国新政府致以衷心的祝福，希望新政府能够勇敢面对挑战，并高扛自由大旗在新世纪阔步前进。
As for me, I'll leave the presidency more idealistic, more full of hope than the day I arrived and more confident than ever that America's best days lie ahead. 对我来说，当我离开总统宝座时，我充满更多的理想，比初进白宫时更加充满希望，并且坚信美国的好日子还在后面。
My days in this office are nearly through, but my days of service, I hope, are not। In the years ahead, I will never hold a position higher or a covenant more sacred than that of president of the United States. But there is no title I will wear more proudly than that of citizen. 我的总统任期就要结束了，但是我希望我为美国人民服务的日子永远不会结束。在我未来的岁月里，我再也不会担任一个能比美利坚合众国总统更高的职位、签订一个比美利坚合众国总统所能签署的更为神圣的契约了。当然，没有任何一个头衔能让我比作为一个美国公民更为自豪的了。 Thank you. God bless you, and God bless America. 谢谢你们！愿上帝保佑你们！愿上帝保佑美国！
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把纸重复折叠12次－你可以吗
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Britney Gallivan has solved the Paper Folding Problem. This well known challenge was to fold paper in half more than seven or eight times, using paper of any size or shape.
In April of 2005 Britney's accomplishment was mentioned on the prime time CBS television show Numb3rs.
The task was commonly known to be impossible. Over the years the problem has been discussed by many people, including mathematicians and has been demonstrated to be impossible on TV.
For extra credit in a math class Britney was given the challenge to fold anything in half 12 times. After extensive experimentation, she folded a sheet of gold foil 12 times, breaking the record. This was using alternate directions of folding. But, the challenge was then redefined to fold a piece of paper. She studied the problem and was the first person to realize the basic cause for the limits. She then derived the folding limit equation for any given dimension. Limiting equations were derived for the case of folding in alternate directions and for the case of folding in a single direction using a long strip of paper. The merits of both folding approaches are discussed, but for high numbers of folds, single direction folding requires less paper.
The exact limit for single direction folding case was derived, based on the accumulative limiting effects induced by every fold in the folding process.
For the single direction folding case the exact limiting equation is:
where L is the minimum possible length of the material, t is material thickness, and n is the number of folds possible in one direction.
L and t need to be expressed using the same units.
Stringent rules and definitions were defined by Britney for the folding process. One rule is: For a sheet to be considered folded n times it must be convincingly documented and independently verified that (2n) unique layers are in a straight line. Sections that do not meet these criteria are not counted as a part of the folded section.
Diagram showing part of a rotational sliding folding sequence
In some web pages the limits found by Britney are described as being due to thickness to width ratios of the final folds or attributed to the folder not being strong enough to fold any more times. Both explanations for the limits are incorrect and miss the actual reason for the physical mathematical limit. The actual understanding of the problem involves understanding the simple dynamics of the folding model and the resulting algebra.
In one day Britney was the first person to set the record for folding paper in half 9, 10, 11 or 12 times.
The Historical Society of Pomona Valley is now selling Britney's booklet. It contains over 40 pages of solving the problem and has interesting stories and comments from others who had tried to solve the problem. The booklet gives both detailed and general explanations of the problem's background, the physical limit and tabulates the number of times it is possible to fold different size sheets.
Alternate Direction Folding has the following limit:
This equation gives the width "W" of a square piece of paper needed to fold a piece of paper "n" times, by folding in alternate directions. The actual equation for alternate folding is more complicated, but this relatively simple formula gives a bound that can not be exceeded and is quite close to the actual limit.
For paper that is not square, the above equation still gives an accurate limit. If the paper is 2:1 in length to width ratio, imagine it folded one time making it twice as thick "t" and then use the above formula remembering that one extra fold is added.
Britney derived folding limits in December of 2001 and folded paper in half 12 times in January of 2002, while a junior in High School. She now attends U. C. Berkeley
Britney Gallivan has solved the Paper Folding Problem. This well known challenge was to fold paper in half more than seven or eight times, using paper of any size or shape.
In April of 2005 Britney's accomplishment was mentioned on the prime time CBS television show Numb3rs.
The task was commonly known to be impossible. Over the years the problem has been discussed by many people, including mathematicians and has been demonstrated to be impossible on TV.
For extra credit in a math class Britney was given the challenge to fold anything in half 12 times. After extensive experimentation, she folded a sheet of gold foil 12 times, breaking the record. This was using alternate directions of folding. But, the challenge was then redefined to fold a piece of paper. She studied the problem and was the first person to realize the basic cause for the limits. She then derived the folding limit equation for any given dimension. Limiting equations were derived for the case of folding in alternate directions and for the case of folding in a single direction using a long strip of paper. The merits of both folding approaches are discussed, but for high numbers of folds, single direction folding requires less paper.
The exact limit for single direction folding case was derived, based on the accumulative limiting effects induced by every fold in the folding process.
For the single direction folding case the exact limiting equation is:
where L is the minimum possible length of the material, t is material thickness, and n is the number of folds possible in one direction.
L and t need to be expressed using the same units.
Stringent rules and definitions were defined by Britney for the folding process. One rule is: For a sheet to be considered folded n times it must be convincingly documented and independently verified that (2n) unique layers are in a straight line. Sections that do not meet these criteria are not counted as a part of the folded section.
Diagram showing part of a rotational sliding folding sequence
In some web pages the limits found by Britney are described as being due to thickness to width ratios of the final folds or attributed to the folder not being strong enough to fold any more times. Both explanations for the limits are incorrect and miss the actual reason for the physical mathematical limit. The actual understanding of the problem involves understanding the simple dynamics of the folding model and the resulting algebra.
In one day Britney was the first person to set the record for folding paper in half 9, 10, 11 or 12 times.
The Historical Society of Pomona Valley is now selling Britney's booklet. It contains over 40 pages of solving the problem and has interesting stories and comments from others who had tried to solve the problem. The booklet gives both detailed and general explanations of the problem's background, the physical limit and tabulates the number of times it is possible to fold different size sheets.
Alternate Direction Folding has the following limit:
This equation gives the width "W" of a square piece of paper needed to fold a piece of paper "n" times, by folding in alternate directions. The actual equation for alternate folding is more complicated, but this relatively simple formula gives a bound that can not be exceeded and is quite close to the actual limit.
For paper that is not square, the above equation still gives an accurate limit. If the paper is 2:1 in length to width ratio, imagine it folded one time making it twice as thick "t" and then use the above formula remembering that one extra fold is added.
Britney derived folding limits in December of 2001 and folded paper in half 12 times in January of 2002, while a junior in High School. She now attends U. C. Berkeley
呼之欲出的反恐怖科技
Wanted: Anti-Terror Technology
Silicon Valley companies are being enlisted into the War on Terrorism.
硅谷公司正在积极参与反恐怖战争。
As U.S. airports search for ways to implement the federal mandate for improved security, Congressman Michael Honda, who represents part of Silicon Valley, says he believes the technology industry must play a fundamental role.
正当美国民航寻找方法贯彻联邦命令提高安全系数的时候，代表硅谷一部分利益的国会议员Michael Honda表示，他认为科技工业必须扮演一个极其重要的角色
A congressional coalition is working to forge a security alliance between the tech industry and the government. Honda says he wants to "make sure that the tools of high technology arelooked at and considered seriously."
一个国会联盟正在为科技工业和政府间的安全方面的联合而努力。Honda说"他想确保高科技的工具能得到重视和认真的考虑"。
He recently hosted a gathering of Silicon Valley CEOs in Washington, DC. Executives fromdozens of companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Lockheed Martin, Identix, and Sun Microsystems, searched for homeland security solutions.
他最近在华盛顿召集了硅谷的CEO，几十家公司的执行官，包括Hewlett-Packard，Lockheed Martin，Identix和Sun Microsystems，寻找国家安全问题的解决方法。
"We truly believe it's a social responsibility of Silicon Valley companies who have the right technology to contribute to defining a platform," said Krish Panu, CEO of At Road, Inc., a company that develops systems to manage mobile workforces.
“我们坚信这是硅谷公司的一种社会责任，因为他们有技术为开发一个平台而出力”。At Road公司的CEO Krish Panu说。At Road是一家开发流动劳动力管理系统的公司。
Some Silicon Valley CEOs say that technology such as At Road's system could help with national security.
一些硅谷的CEO说，像At Road开发的系统这样的科技可以帮助维护国家安全。
At Road's system is based on a PDA-size black box that transmits vehicle position, direction, speed, and other information to allow real-time monitoring. The system's "geo-fencing" capabilities can set up invisible safety parameters and will notify security whenever a vehicle wanders into an area where it doesn't belong.
At Road的系统是建立在PDA尺寸的黑盒子上，通过传送车辆的位置、方向、速度和其它信息进行实时监控。该系统的“地理防御”能力可以设定无形安全参数，无论交通工具何时进入不该进的区域都会发出安全警示。
All of the information is encrypted, password-protected, and then sent to At Road's servers on the East and West coasts. The servers run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
所有的信息都是加密的，即有密码保护，然后传到东、西岸At Road的服务器上，这些服务器一天24小时，一周7天都在运转。
In terms of tightening national security, Honda says it is important to track potentially dangerous vehicles, especially high-load fuel trucks and outside catering trucks which currently travel unmonitored on airport property.
对于加强国家安全问题，Honda说跟踪有潜在危险的交通工具是非常重要的，尤其是高吨位运油卡车和在机场作业不受监控的外部供应卡车。
The company's system also could safeguard against bioterrorism and potentially dangerous ground shipments. "[The system] can be equipped on a vehicle that's transporting hazardous waste or chemicals," said Carey Fan, At Road project manager.
该公司的系统也可以防范生物恐怖和有潜在危险的地面运输。At Road的工程主管Carey Fan认为：“这个系统可以装置在运送有害污水或化学制品的车辆上” 。
Honda and others say they believe that Silicon Valley can provide important security solutions with both existing and emerging technologies.
Honda和其他人表示他们相信硅谷可以用目前所拥有的和正在研究的技术来提供重要的安全方法。
"It's a great opportunity to leverage all that entrepreneurial energy to create new technologies that would also enhance our homeland security," said J.D. Fay, At Road vice president of corporate affairs.
“集中这一企业力量创造出能增强我们国家安全的新科技，这是一个非常好的机会”。At Road公司的副董事长J.D.Fay说。
Proposed legislation would establish a pilot program to quickly test and evaluate existing, new, and emerging technologies to help reshape domestic security.
按照提出的法令，可以实行一项能快速试验和评估已有技术、新技术和正在研究的技术的试验计划，来帮助加强国家安全。
More than 40 security bills and amendments have been filed in Congress since Sept. 11, including the Bioterrorism Protection Act, which allocates $7 billion to deploy tech solutions for monitoring hazardous materials transportation.
九•一一以来，40多个安全法案和修正法案在国会提出，包括生物恐怖防范法案，该法案拨款70亿美元研究检测有害物质运送的科技方法。
The Air Travel Security and Technology legislation targets $24 billion for the 20 largest USairports to conduct pilot programs and deploy travel security technology.
航空安全和技术法案拨给全美20大机场240亿美元，让他们实施试验计划以及部署飞行安全技术。
Both bills are moving through the House of Representatives, each with more than 100 co-sponsors. However, Honda says he is concerned that unless the House acts on this legislation soon, opportunities to find new high tech solutions to security concerns could be lost as the drive for security languishes.
Wanted: Anti-Terror Technology
呼之欲出的反恐怖科技
Silicon Valley companies are being enlisted into the War on Terrorism.
硅谷公司正在积极参与反恐怖战争。
As U.S. airports search for ways to implement the federal mandate for improved security, Congressman Michael Honda, who represents part of Silicon Valley, says he believes the technology industry must play a fundamental role.
正当美国民航寻找方法贯彻联邦命令提高安全系数的时候，代表硅谷一部分利益的国会议员Michael Honda表示，他认为科技工业必须扮演一个极其重要的角色
A congressional coalition is working to forge a security alliance between the tech industry and the government. Honda says he wants to "make sure that the tools of high technology arelooked at and considered seriously."
一个国会联盟正在为科技工业和政府间的安全方面的联合而努力。Honda说"他想确保高科技的工具能得到重视和认真的考虑"。
He recently hosted a gathering of Silicon Valley CEOs in Washington, DC. Executives fromdozens of companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Lockheed Martin, Identix, and Sun Microsystems, searched for homeland security solutions.
他最近在华盛顿召集了硅谷的CEO，几十家公司的执行官，包括Hewlett-Packard，Lockheed Martin，Identix和Sun Microsystems，寻找国家安全问题的解决方法。
"We truly believe it's a social responsibility of Silicon Valley companies who have the right technology to contribute to defining a platform," said Krish Panu, CEO of At Road, Inc., a company that develops systems to manage mobile workforces.
“我们坚信这是硅谷公司的一种社会责任，因为他们有技术为开发一个平台而出力”。At Road公司的CEO Krish Panu说。At Road是一家开发流动劳动力管理系统的公司。
Some Silicon Valley CEOs say that technology such as At Road's system could help with national security.
一些硅谷的CEO说，像At Road开发的系统这样的科技可以帮助维护国家安全。
At Road's system is based on a PDA-size black box that transmits vehicle position, direction, speed, and other information to allow real-time monitoring. The system's "geo-fencing" capabilities can set up invisible safety parameters and will notify security whenever a vehicle wanders into an area where it doesn't belong.
At Road的系统是建立在PDA尺寸的黑盒子上，通过传送车辆的位置、方向、速度和其它信息进行实时监控。该系统的“地理防御”能力可以设定无形安全参数，无论交通工具何时进入不该进的区域都会发出安全警示。
All of the information is encrypted, password-protected, and then sent to At Road's servers on the East and West coasts. The servers run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
所有的信息都是加密的，即有密码保护，然后传到东、西岸At Road的服务器上，这些服务器一天24小时，一周7天都在运转。
In terms of tightening national security, Honda says it is important to track potentially dangerous vehicles, especially high-load fuel trucks and outside catering trucks which currently travel unmonitored on airport property.
对于加强国家安全问题，Honda说跟踪有潜在危险的交通工具是非常重要的，尤其是高吨位运油卡车和在机场作业不受监控的外部供应卡车。
The company's system also could safeguard against bioterrorism and potentially dangerous ground shipments. "[The system] can be equipped on a vehicle that's transporting hazardous waste or chemicals," said Carey Fan, At Road project manager.
该公司的系统也可以防范生物恐怖和有潜在危险的地面运输。At Road的工程主管Carey Fan认为：“这个系统可以装置在运送有害污水或化学制品的车辆上” 。
Honda and others say they believe that Silicon Valley can provide important security solutions with both existing and emerging technologies.
Honda和其他人表示他们相信硅谷可以用目前所拥有的和正在研究的技术来提供重要的安全方法。
"It's a great opportunity to leverage all that entrepreneurial energy to create new technologies that would also enhance our homeland security," said J.D. Fay, At Road vice president of corporate affairs.
“集中这一企业力量创造出能增强我们国家安全的新科技，这是一个非常好的机会”。At Road公司的副董事长J.D.Fay说。
Proposed legislation would establish a pilot program to quickly test and evaluate existing, new, and emerging technologies to help reshape domestic security.
按照提出的法令，可以实行一项能快速试验和评估已有技术、新技术和正在研究的技术的试验计划，来帮助加强国家安全。
More than 40 security bills and amendments have been filed in Congress since Sept. 11, including the Bioterrorism Protection Act, which allocates $7 billion to deploy tech solutions for monitoring hazardous materials transportation.
九•一一以来，40多个安全法案和修正法案在国会提出，包括生物恐怖防范法案，该法案拨款70亿美元研究检测有害物质运送的科技方法。
The Air Travel Security and Technology legislation targets $24 billion for the 20 largest USairports to conduct pilot programs and deploy travel security technology.
航空安全和技术法案拨给全美20大机场240亿美元，让他们实施试验计划以及部署飞行安全技术。
Both bills are moving through the House of Representatives, each with more than 100 co-sponsors. However, Honda says he is concerned that unless the House acts on this legislation soon, opportunities to find new high tech solutions to security concerns could be lost as the drive for security languishes.
Silicon Valley companies are being enlisted into the War on Terrorism.
硅谷公司正在积极参与反恐怖战争。
As U.S. airports search for ways to implement the federal mandate for improved security, Congressman Michael Honda, who represents part of Silicon Valley, says he believes the technology industry must play a fundamental role.
正当美国民航寻找方法贯彻联邦命令提高安全系数的时候，代表硅谷一部分利益的国会议员Michael Honda表示，他认为科技工业必须扮演一个极其重要的角色
A congressional coalition is working to forge a security alliance between the tech industry and the government. Honda says he wants to "make sure that the tools of high technology arelooked at and considered seriously."
一个国会联盟正在为科技工业和政府间的安全方面的联合而努力。Honda说"他想确保高科技的工具能得到重视和认真的考虑"。
He recently hosted a gathering of Silicon Valley CEOs in Washington, DC. Executives fromdozens of companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Lockheed Martin, Identix, and Sun Microsystems, searched for homeland security solutions.
他最近在华盛顿召集了硅谷的CEO，几十家公司的执行官，包括Hewlett-Packard，Lockheed Martin，Identix和Sun Microsystems，寻找国家安全问题的解决方法。
"We truly believe it's a social responsibility of Silicon Valley companies who have the right technology to contribute to defining a platform," said Krish Panu, CEO of At Road, Inc., a company that develops systems to manage mobile workforces.
“我们坚信这是硅谷公司的一种社会责任，因为他们有技术为开发一个平台而出力”。At Road公司的CEO Krish Panu说。At Road是一家开发流动劳动力管理系统的公司。
Some Silicon Valley CEOs say that technology such as At Road's system could help with national security.
一些硅谷的CEO说，像At Road开发的系统这样的科技可以帮助维护国家安全。
At Road's system is based on a PDA-size black box that transmits vehicle position, direction, speed, and other information to allow real-time monitoring. The system's "geo-fencing" capabilities can set up invisible safety parameters and will notify security whenever a vehicle wanders into an area where it doesn't belong.
At Road的系统是建立在PDA尺寸的黑盒子上，通过传送车辆的位置、方向、速度和其它信息进行实时监控。该系统的“地理防御”能力可以设定无形安全参数，无论交通工具何时进入不该进的区域都会发出安全警示。
All of the information is encrypted, password-protected, and then sent to At Road's servers on the East and West coasts. The servers run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
所有的信息都是加密的，即有密码保护，然后传到东、西岸At Road的服务器上，这些服务器一天24小时，一周7天都在运转。
In terms of tightening national security, Honda says it is important to track potentially dangerous vehicles, especially high-load fuel trucks and outside catering trucks which currently travel unmonitored on airport property.
对于加强国家安全问题，Honda说跟踪有潜在危险的交通工具是非常重要的，尤其是高吨位运油卡车和在机场作业不受监控的外部供应卡车。
The company's system also could safeguard against bioterrorism and potentially dangerous ground shipments. "[The system] can be equipped on a vehicle that's transporting hazardous waste or chemicals," said Carey Fan, At Road project manager.
该公司的系统也可以防范生物恐怖和有潜在危险的地面运输。At Road的工程主管Carey Fan认为：“这个系统可以装置在运送有害污水或化学制品的车辆上” 。
Honda and others say they believe that Silicon Valley can provide important security solutions with both existing and emerging technologies.
Honda和其他人表示他们相信硅谷可以用目前所拥有的和正在研究的技术来提供重要的安全方法。
"It's a great opportunity to leverage all that entrepreneurial energy to create new technologies that would also enhance our homeland security," said J.D. Fay, At Road vice president of corporate affairs.
“集中这一企业力量创造出能增强我们国家安全的新科技，这是一个非常好的机会”。At Road公司的副董事长J.D.Fay说。
Proposed legislation would establish a pilot program to quickly test and evaluate existing, new, and emerging technologies to help reshape domestic security.
按照提出的法令，可以实行一项能快速试验和评估已有技术、新技术和正在研究的技术的试验计划，来帮助加强国家安全。
More than 40 security bills and amendments have been filed in Congress since Sept. 11, including the Bioterrorism Protection Act, which allocates $7 billion to deploy tech solutions for monitoring hazardous materials transportation.
九•一一以来，40多个安全法案和修正法案在国会提出，包括生物恐怖防范法案，该法案拨款70亿美元研究检测有害物质运送的科技方法。
The Air Travel Security and Technology legislation targets $24 billion for the 20 largest USairports to conduct pilot programs and deploy travel security technology.
航空安全和技术法案拨给全美20大机场240亿美元，让他们实施试验计划以及部署飞行安全技术。
Both bills are moving through the House of Representatives, each with more than 100 co-sponsors. However, Honda says he is concerned that unless the House acts on this legislation soon, opportunities to find new high tech solutions to security concerns could be lost as the drive for security languishes.
Wanted: Anti-Terror Technology
呼之欲出的反恐怖科技
Silicon Valley companies are being enlisted into the War on Terrorism.
硅谷公司正在积极参与反恐怖战争。
As U.S. airports search for ways to implement the federal mandate for improved security, Congressman Michael Honda, who represents part of Silicon Valley, says he believes the technology industry must play a fundamental role.
正当美国民航寻找方法贯彻联邦命令提高安全系数的时候，代表硅谷一部分利益的国会议员Michael Honda表示，他认为科技工业必须扮演一个极其重要的角色
A congressional coalition is working to forge a security alliance between the tech industry and the government. Honda says he wants to "make sure that the tools of high technology arelooked at and considered seriously."
一个国会联盟正在为科技工业和政府间的安全方面的联合而努力。Honda说"他想确保高科技的工具能得到重视和认真的考虑"。
He recently hosted a gathering of Silicon Valley CEOs in Washington, DC. Executives fromdozens of companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Lockheed Martin, Identix, and Sun Microsystems, searched for homeland security solutions.
他最近在华盛顿召集了硅谷的CEO，几十家公司的执行官，包括Hewlett-Packard，Lockheed Martin，Identix和Sun Microsystems，寻找国家安全问题的解决方法。
"We truly believe it's a social responsibility of Silicon Valley companies who have the right technology to contribute to defining a platform," said Krish Panu, CEO of At Road, Inc., a company that develops systems to manage mobile workforces.
“我们坚信这是硅谷公司的一种社会责任，因为他们有技术为开发一个平台而出力”。At Road公司的CEO Krish Panu说。At Road是一家开发流动劳动力管理系统的公司。
Some Silicon Valley CEOs say that technology such as At Road's system could help with national security.
一些硅谷的CEO说，像At Road开发的系统这样的科技可以帮助维护国家安全。
At Road's system is based on a PDA-size black box that transmits vehicle position, direction, speed, and other information to allow real-time monitoring. The system's "geo-fencing" capabilities can set up invisible safety parameters and will notify security whenever a vehicle wanders into an area where it doesn't belong.
At Road的系统是建立在PDA尺寸的黑盒子上，通过传送车辆的位置、方向、速度和其它信息进行实时监控。该系统的“地理防御”能力可以设定无形安全参数，无论交通工具何时进入不该进的区域都会发出安全警示。
All of the information is encrypted, password-protected, and then sent to At Road's servers on the East and West coasts. The servers run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
所有的信息都是加密的，即有密码保护，然后传到东、西岸At Road的服务器上，这些服务器一天24小时，一周7天都在运转。
In terms of tightening national security, Honda says it is important to track potentially dangerous vehicles, especially high-load fuel trucks and outside catering trucks which currently travel unmonitored on airport property.
对于加强国家安全问题，Honda说跟踪有潜在危险的交通工具是非常重要的，尤其是高吨位运油卡车和在机场作业不受监控的外部供应卡车。
The company's system also could safeguard against bioterrorism and potentially dangerous ground shipments. "[The system] can be equipped on a vehicle that's transporting hazardous waste or chemicals," said Carey Fan, At Road project manager.
该公司的系统也可以防范生物恐怖和有潜在危险的地面运输。At Road的工程主管Carey Fan认为：“这个系统可以装置在运送有害污水或化学制品的车辆上” 。
Honda and others say they believe that Silicon Valley can provide important security solutions with both existing and emerging technologies.
Honda和其他人表示他们相信硅谷可以用目前所拥有的和正在研究的技术来提供重要的安全方法。
"It's a great opportunity to leverage all that entrepreneurial energy to create new technologies that would also enhance our homeland security," said J.D. Fay, At Road vice president of corporate affairs.
“集中这一企业力量创造出能增强我们国家安全的新科技，这是一个非常好的机会”。At Road公司的副董事长J.D.Fay说。
Proposed legislation would establish a pilot program to quickly test and evaluate existing, new, and emerging technologies to help reshape domestic security.
按照提出的法令，可以实行一项能快速试验和评估已有技术、新技术和正在研究的技术的试验计划，来帮助加强国家安全。
More than 40 security bills and amendments have been filed in Congress since Sept. 11, including the Bioterrorism Protection Act, which allocates $7 billion to deploy tech solutions for monitoring hazardous materials transportation.
九•一一以来，40多个安全法案和修正法案在国会提出，包括生物恐怖防范法案，该法案拨款70亿美元研究检测有害物质运送的科技方法。
The Air Travel Security and Technology legislation targets $24 billion for the 20 largest USairports to conduct pilot programs and deploy travel security technology.
航空安全和技术法案拨给全美20大机场240亿美元，让他们实施试验计划以及部署飞行安全技术。
Both bills are moving through the House of Representatives, each with more than 100 co-sponsors. However, Honda says he is concerned that unless the House acts on this legislation soon, opportunities to find new high tech solutions to security concerns could be lost as the drive for security languishes.
Why People Should Study History
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In 1998, I received a scholarship to study for an undergraduate degree at Yale University. During my four years at Yale, I explored a broad array of subjects: economics, German language and literature, mathematics, English literature, etc., but the subject I was most committed to intellectually was history. The ten history courses I took at Yale included ancient Greek history, Roman history, medieval European history, the Reformation, the European intellectual history of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the history of modern Russia and modern Germany. When I told other Chinese that I was studying history at Yale, many talked as if I were a slacker evading science and engineering programs, or a loser who couldn't make it in computer science or electrical engineering; others wondered why I had chosen such an impractical subject.
为何要学历史
1998年我得到了耶鲁大学本科的奖学金。在耶鲁的四年之中，我学习的课程范围很宽，经济学、德语与德国文学、数学、英语文学等，但在学业上我最投入的是历史。我在耶鲁选的十门历史课程包括古希腊史、古罗马史、欧洲中世纪史、宗教改革、18世纪与19世纪的欧洲思想史、俄罗斯现代史和德国现代史，当我告诉国内熟人我在耶鲁学历史时，很多人的言谈话语中好像我是个懒人，想逃避自然科学与工程类的科目，或者是个学不了计算机与电子工程的失败者，还有人奇怪我为什么选择了这么一种不实用的学科。
Both responses reflect the deeply ingrained prejudice of many Chinese against the humanities - and are grossly erroneous. Studying history at a great American university is neither easy nor impractical. In some sense, I learned my most important lessons through struggling with the difficulties of studying history. My history courses posed a much bigger academic challenge than my previous experience in Tsinghua as a freshman in biochemistry, or in Tsinghua Fuzhong's experimental accelerated science program. I came away from those four arduous years at Yale tremendously enriched.
这两种看法反映了很多中国人对人文学科的根深蒂固的偏见——这是极为错误的。在美国的一所著名大学学习历史，既不轻松，也并非不实用。从某种意义上说，我是通过克服学习历史遇到的困难而学到了对我来说最重要的东西。比起我原来在清华大学生物化学专业上一年级时的经历，或是在清华附中理科实验班的课程，耶鲁的历史课赋予我的挑战要大得多。在耶鲁苦读四年之后，我的学识获得了极大的充实。
Most history classes at Yale require attending two or three lectures a week, a weekly discussion section, relentless reading assignments of 200 or more pages a week, a midterm and final exam, and two papers. At the beginning, just taking notes on lectures and finishing the reading on time were daunting challenges; writing papers was nightmarish. My trouble with papers generally started the moment they were assigned. The topics were indeterminate, e.g. "write about any topic of your choice in ancient Greek history", "write a book review for a book of your choice" from a reading list of fifty books on medieval history or "compare and contrast selected passages from Karl Marx's Das Kapital and Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America." The expected end result is a paper making a coherent argument that draws its supporting evidence or ideas from several books or journal articles. The subtext to such assignments is: whatever you say in the paper has to reflect your own thinking; hence simply repeating the professor's opinions or whatever is in the readings will not get you very far. In the first week of my Yale career it was hammered home to us that plagiarism was the capital crime in the academic world. Each year there are students who are punished for plagiarizing.
耶鲁的大多数历史课程每周都要上两三次大课，参加一次讨论课，还要完成残酷的200页乃至更多的阅读。每学期有期中和期末考试，还要提交两篇论文，开始时就连听课时记笔记和按时完成阅读都是令人望而生畏的挑战，写论文就像是恶梦一般。通常，从论文布置下来的那一刻起，我的麻烦就开始了，论文的题目是不确定的，比如：“自选有关古希腊史的任何一个题目”、从50本有关中世纪史的书中“自选一本写书评”，或是“从卡尔·马克斯的《资本论》与法国思想家阿列克西·德·托克维尔所写的《论美国的民主》中选出的章节进行比较与对照”。而最终要达到的是，一篇论文有着前后呼应的论点，这些论点从很多书籍或刊物文章中得到论据与相关思想。对于这样的作业，不言而喻的潜台词则是：你在论文中所说的一切，必须反映出你自己的思想，因此简单地重复某一教授的观点或是书里的什么内容，将不会使你获得好成绩。在耶鲁上学的第一周，我们就牢牢记住了剽窃在学术领域是一种重罪，每年都有学生因剽窃而受到惩罚。
Looking at a paper assignment, my mind often went blank: ANY topics in ancient Greek history? But which one, andswheresto start? Even after I was able to narrow the topic down to, say, the career of Pericles, there were still thousands of books and articles written on it. What was my main argument to be? What points should I make? What information should I include in the paper to support my argument? I would spend hours going through hundreds and hundreds of pages of reading with no clue what to write on. I spent so many nights pacing back and forth in the library, trying to define a topic and choose my arguments. And I was hardly the only person with this problem: Yale students complain about papers as much as Londoners complain about the weather. Pulling all-nighters to finish a paper is part of the shared memory of those "bright college years".
当我看着布置下来的论文时，脑子里往往是一片空白：有关古希腊史的“任何”题目？但是哪一个？又从哪里开始呢？甚至在我把题目缩到了比如说是雅典政治家伯里克利的一生业绩，仍然有着关于他的数千本书和文章。我的主要论点应该是什么？我应该提出哪些要点？论文中应该包括哪些材料以支持我的论点？我常常在没有任何头绪的情况下花上几小时，几百页几百页地阅读；有多少晚上我在图书馆里踱来踱去，力图定下论文题目，并选择出我的论点。而我绝不是唯一面对这种困惑的人。耶鲁的学生抱怨论文就像伦敦人抱怨天气那样普遍。花上整夜整夜的时间完成论文则是耶鲁学生对“美好校园年华”的相同记忆中的一部分。
I gradually realized the value of such seemingly unguided education. Allowing students great scope in choosing their own paper topics reflects the Western belief in individual initiative. Students are encouraged to make their own choices and go wherever their interests lead them. On a different level, in the process of groping for a topic, then screening the available material, and finally using it to make an intelligent argument, students learn the important lesson of rapidly processing and critically utilizing a large amount of information. This is an important skill not only in historical research, but in many careers outside the academic world,swheresinformation comes in the form of a tangled mess, not neat textbook passages to be spoon-fed to passive "learners".
我渐渐认识到了这种看似缺乏指导性的教育的价值。在很大的范围内允许学生自己选择论文题目反映了西方对个人原动力的信任。学生们受到鼓励自己做出选择，他们的兴趣主导着他们随意发展。在各个不同层次上，在摸索论文题目的过程中，之后在筛选手中材料时，以及最后用这些材料构成睿智的论点，学生们学到了迅速处理以及批判性地利用大量信息资料这一重要能力，这是一种不仅用于历史研究的重要技能，而且用于学术领域以外的很多领域，在那些地方信息资料纵横交错地出现，而不是像清晰的教科书上的段落那样，准备一句句地喂给被动的学生。
I find the language skills acquired from history classes highly relevant in the real world. Because of the broad spectrum of subjects that history encompasses - political events, social changes, intellectual and artistic movements, etc - the student of history has to command a wide vocabulary to describe and analyze these different subjects. For my history classes, I wrote papers on the military strategy that Athens and Sparta employed in the Persian War, the autobiography of the medieval philosopher Abelard, Russian peasant uprisings in the 1860s, the environmental crisis in the early Qing Dynasty, and numerous other topics. Intensive reading, writing, and discussion forced me to absorb and master new vocabulary and rhetorical tactics at a rapid pace. And happily, many historians are excellent stylists. Their precise and supple use of English makes their books models of English expository prose at its best.
我发现历史课中需要的语言技能与现实生活密切相关。因为历史包含的题材很宽——政治事件、社会变化、文化与艺术运动等等——历史系的学生必须掌握很宽的词汇面才能描述并分析这些不同的主题。对于我的历史课来说，我写过的论文有关于雅典与斯巴达在波斯战争中使用的军事战略、中世纪哲学家阿伯拉尔的自传、19世纪60年代俄罗斯农民的起义、中国清代早期的生态环境危机，还有很多其他题目。大量的阅读、写作与讨论使我迅速地吸收并掌握了新的词汇与修辞技巧。而且令人高兴的是，很多历史学家也是优秀作家，他们对英语的精妙运用使他们的著作成为英语说明性散文的最好典范。
Writing well is a fine skill, but is it important? Yes, very! Many companies that came to recruit at Yale, including most of the well-known Wall Street finance and consulting firms, made no secret of their preference for candidates with solid writing skills. Each year these firms hire a large number of new graduates with majors such as history, English, and political science, but no formal finance or business education. Curiously, the undergraduate economics or finance curriculum at elite private universities such as Yale, Harvard and Princeton has a strong theoretical bent and is not immediately applicable to a career in a private firm. Indeed, most elite universities don't even have an undergraduate business program. In the US one of the most influential and lucrative professions is law, a field in which writing skills are indispensable. Not surprisingly, law school is one of the most popular destinations for Yale grads majoring in history.
写作能力强是一项很好的技能，但它是否重要呢？是的，非常重要！很多来耶鲁大学招聘学生的公司，包括大多数众所周知的华尔街金融与咨询公司，公开声明他们首选那些有着坚实的写作能力的应聘者。每年这些公司都雇用大量的来自历史系、英语系、政治学系的毕业生，但他们都没有受到过正式的金融与商科的教育。令人感到好奇的是，在诸如耶鲁、哈佛、普林斯顿这样的名牌私立大学里，本科生的经济与金融课程带有极强的理论倾向，并不能马上应用于私人公司的业务。的确，多数名牌大学甚至不开设本科生的商科课程。在美国最有影响力收入也最高的职业之一就是律师，而这一行中写作技能是绝对必要的。因此，上法学院是耶鲁大学历史系毕业生最为普遍的目标之一并不奇怪。
The ability to use words well is highly valued and respected in Western culture. The two most "popular" figures on the Yale campus are probably Richard Brodhead, dean of Yale College, and sinologist Jonathan Spence. Both cast their spell on the Yale community through the excellence of their writing and public speaking. Spence's course on modern Chinese history once drew a first-day crowd of 650. He had to limit enrollment to 400, the capacity of the largest lecture hall at Yale. From my experience, Chinese students with an excellent command of English receive a lot of respect and attention from Americans.
很好地运用词语的能力在西方文化中受到高度的评价与尊重。在耶鲁校园中最“红”的两个人物大概就是耶鲁本科生院院长理查德·布洛德海德和汉学家乔纳森·斯彭斯了。他二人通过出色的写作与演讲，魔力般吸引了整个耶鲁。斯彭斯主讲的中国现代史课程一度在开学后的第一天的试听课上引来了650名学生，他不得不把人数限制在400名，也就是耶鲁最大的演讲厅所能容纳的人数。就我个人经验而言，能够出色地掌握英语的中国学生会受到美国人的极大尊重与重视。
So a history education is useful. Yet if the question "Why study history?" had been put to the 204 history majors in my class, chances are that they would have replied, "Because it's fun." And it is!. The study of history is enjoyable on several levels. The lectures are often the highlight of a history course. Boasting one of the finest history departments in the US, Yale has many history professors of superstar status. Often superb story tellers, they turn lecturessintosgrand historical drama. Jonathan Spence's lectures are known for his insightful anecdotes from Chinese history. In the famous course on ancient Greek history taught by Donald Kagan, students would applaud at the end of each lecture to acknowledge Kagan's impassioned eloquence. My personal favorite was Prof. James Heinzen's history of modern Russia: on the grand level, the Russian people's heroic struggle with destiny over the past 200 years is deeply moving.
因此，接受历史课的教育是非常有用的。然而，如果你问我们年级的204名历史专业的学生“为什么要学习历史？”他们很可能答道：“因为它有意思。”学历史确实有意思。学习历史在好几个层次上是很有乐趣的。演讲课常常是历史课的亮点，敢说拥有全美最优秀的历史系之一的耶鲁，有着很多具有超级名星地位的历史教授。常常是极棒的故事大王的教授们把演讲课变成了美妙的历史戏剧。乔纳森·斯彭斯的演讲以其对中国历史轶事的洞察而著称；在由唐纳德·卡根教授的著名课程古希腊史中，他每次演讲之后学生都报以掌声以感谢他那富有激情的雄辩。我个人最喜欢詹姆斯·海因森教授的现代俄国史。总的说来，过去200年中俄罗斯人民与命运的英勇抗争深深打动了我。
Reading is another great source of enjoyment that I cannot help mentioning. In a typical history course, the professor lectures on historical developments in broad terms, while the reading for a particular week, usually a book on a specific subject, supplements the professor's presentation with vivid details and a more thorough analysis of something touched on in the lectures. Reading is really the blood and flesh of the course. In the class I took on the history of modern Germany, for example, Prof. Henry Turner focuses his lectures exclusively on the socio-political development of Germany since Bismarck. The reading includes the biography of Bismarck by AG Taylor, excerpts from German Marxist Eduard Bernstein's political writing and 19th century German historian Heinrich von Treitschke's lecture notes, Heinrich Mann's novel Man of Straw, excerpts from Hitler's Mein Kampf, Michael Allen's The Nazi Seizure of Power, and many other books. While a few, such as Hitler's Mein Kampf, were torture to read, most were fascinating. I spent many weekends in the library doing my history reading, and a good book to read was an important part of my Saturday "relaxation".
我忍不住要提及的是，阅读是快乐的另一个源泉。在一典型的历史课程中，教授在演讲历史发展时是粗线条的，而某一周的阅读，通常是某一主题的一本书，对于演讲中涉及的某些内容提供了生动的细节和更透彻的分析，进而补充了教授的演讲。阅读实实在在是课程的血与肉。比如，在我选的德国近代史课程中，享利·特纳教授的演讲集中在自俾斯麦以来德国社会政治的发展，而阅读则包括了由AG·泰勒所写的俾斯麦的生平、德国马克思主义者爱德华·伯恩斯坦的政论选以及19世纪德国历史学家海因里赫·范·特来奇克的演讲记录、海因里赫·曼的小说《稻草人》，希特勒的《我的奋斗》的节录、麦克尔·艾伦的《纳粹攫取权力》，还有很多其他的书。尽管个别的书籍像希特勒的《我的奋斗》读起来是一种煎熬，大多数都是很吸引人的。很多周末我都是在图书馆里阅读有关历史的书籍，读一本好书则是我星期六“放松”的一项重要内容。
History is not only fun for people who study it, but also for the people who research it. When I talked with Prof. Turner about one of his books, he told me that the idea for it arose as he was browsing through the catalogue of some Nazi documents newly released after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Among the documents were personal letters from Franz von Papen, one of the key figures behind Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. Turner thought that they might reveal something about the power struggle immediately before Hitler's rise to power, so he asked a colleague doing research in Moscow to photocopy some of the letters. These, as it turned out, told a story about Hitler's ascent to power quite different from what most people had believed. Based on these and other documents, Turner wrote a book that brought our understanding of this period closer to historical reality. Almost ten years after its publication, the aged professor still got very excited over his book: "It was detective work. I had a lot of fun working on it."
历史不仅仅对学习历史的人是有趣的，对在这一领域进行研究的人也是有趣的。当我与特纳教授谈起他的一本书时，他告诉我在他浏览苏联解体后新解禁的某些纳粹文件目录时萌生了写这本书的想法。在这些文件中有弗朗西·范·帕朋的私人信件，他是1933年1月希特勒被任命为总理的幕后关键人物之一。特纳想，这些信件有可能会透露出希特勒登上权力宝座前夕的权力之争，于是他请正在莫斯科进行研究的一位同事复印了这些信件中的一部分。这些信件，正如它所证实的，告诉了人们一个有关希特勒的权力攀升的故事，它与大多数人所相信的截然不同。基于这些以及其他文献，特纳写了一本书，使我们对这一历史时期的理解更加接近历史真实。在这本书出版几乎十年以后，这位上了年纪的教授谈起这本书依然很兴奋：“这是一本侦探性的书，写这本书时可有意思了。”
No essay or book fully explains why people study history. The answer given by Donald Kagan, Yale's celebrated professor of ancient Greek history, captures the essence of the problem: "You only know why people should study history after you have studied history.
没有哪篇文章或哪本书充分地解释过为什么人们要学习历史，耶鲁大学古希腊史的著名教授唐纳德·卡根给出的答案抓住了问题的根本：“只有你学了历史以后才知道人们为什么应该学习历史。”
In 1998, I received a scholarship to study for an undergraduate degree at Yale University. During my four years at Yale, I explored a broad array of subjects: economics, German language and literature, mathematics, English literature, etc., but the subject I was most committed to intellectually was history. The ten history courses I took at Yale included ancient Greek history, Roman history, medieval European history, the Reformation, the European intellectual history of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the history of modern Russia and modern Germany. When I told other Chinese that I was studying history at Yale, many talked as if I were a slacker evading science and engineering programs, or a loser who couldn't make it in computer science or electrical engineering; others wondered why I had chosen such an impractical subject.
为何要学历史
1998年我得到了耶鲁大学本科的奖学金。在耶鲁的四年之中，我学习的课程范围很宽，经济学、德语与德国文学、数学、英语文学等，但在学业上我最投入的是历史。我在耶鲁选的十门历史课程包括古希腊史、古罗马史、欧洲中世纪史、宗教改革、18世纪与19世纪的欧洲思想史、俄罗斯现代史和德国现代史，当我告诉国内熟人我在耶鲁学历史时，很多人的言谈话语中好像我是个懒人，想逃避自然科学与工程类的科目，或者是个学不了计算机与电子工程的失败者，还有人奇怪我为什么选择了这么一种不实用的学科。
Both responses reflect the deeply ingrained prejudice of many Chinese against the humanities - and are grossly erroneous. Studying history at a great American university is neither easy nor impractical. In some sense, I learned my most important lessons through struggling with the difficulties of studying history. My history courses posed a much bigger academic challenge than my previous experience in Tsinghua as a freshman in biochemistry, or in Tsinghua Fuzhong's experimental accelerated science program. I came away from those four arduous years at Yale tremendously enriched.
这两种看法反映了很多中国人对人文学科的根深蒂固的偏见——这是极为错误的。在美国的一所著名大学学习历史，既不轻松，也并非不实用。从某种意义上说，我是通过克服学习历史遇到的困难而学到了对我来说最重要的东西。比起我原来在清华大学生物化学专业上一年级时的经历，或是在清华附中理科实验班的课程，耶鲁的历史课赋予我的挑战要大得多。在耶鲁苦读四年之后，我的学识获得了极大的充实。
Most history classes at Yale require attending two or three lectures a week, a weekly discussion section, relentless reading assignments of 200 or more pages a week, a midterm and final exam, and two papers. At the beginning, just taking notes on lectures and finishing the reading on time were daunting challenges; writing papers was nightmarish. My trouble with papers generally started the moment they were assigned. The topics were indeterminate, e.g. "write about any topic of your choice in ancient Greek history", "write a book review for a book of your choice" from a reading list of fifty books on medieval history or "compare and contrast selected passages from Karl Marx's Das Kapital and Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America." The expected end result is a paper making a coherent argument that draws its supporting evidence or ideas from several books or journal articles. The subtext to such assignments is: whatever you say in the paper has to reflect your own thinking; hence simply repeating the professor's opinions or whatever is in the readings will not get you very far. In the first week of my Yale career it was hammered home to us that plagiarism was the capital crime in the academic world. Each year there are students who are punished for plagiarizing.
耶鲁的大多数历史课程每周都要上两三次大课，参加一次讨论课，还要完成残酷的200页乃至更多的阅读。每学期有期中和期末考试，还要提交两篇论文，开始时就连听课时记笔记和按时完成阅读都是令人望而生畏的挑战，写论文就像是恶梦一般。通常，从论文布置下来的那一刻起，我的麻烦就开始了，论文的题目是不确定的，比如：“自选有关古希腊史的任何一个题目”、从50本有关中世纪史的书中“自选一本写书评”，或是“从卡尔·马克斯的《资本论》与法国思想家阿列克西·德·托克维尔所写的《论美国的民主》中选出的章节进行比较与对照”。而最终要达到的是，一篇论文有着前后呼应的论点，这些论点从很多书籍或刊物文章中得到论据与相关思想。对于这样的作业，不言而喻的潜台词则是：你在论文中所说的一切，必须反映出你自己的思想，因此简单地重复某一教授的观点或是书里的什么内容，将不会使你获得好成绩。在耶鲁上学的第一周，我们就牢牢记住了剽窃在学术领域是一种重罪，每年都有学生因剽窃而受到惩罚。
Looking at a paper assignment, my mind often went blank: ANY topics in ancient Greek history? But which one, andswheresto start? Even after I was able to narrow the topic down to, say, the career of Pericles, there were still thousands of books and articles written on it. What was my main argument to be? What points should I make? What information should I include in the paper to support my argument? I would spend hours going through hundreds and hundreds of pages of reading with no clue what to write on. I spent so many nights pacing back and forth in the library, trying to define a topic and choose my arguments. And I was hardly the only person with this problem: Yale students complain about papers as much as Londoners complain about the weather. Pulling all-nighters to finish a paper is part of the shared memory of those "bright college years".
当我看着布置下来的论文时，脑子里往往是一片空白：有关古希腊史的“任何”题目？但是哪一个？又从哪里开始呢？甚至在我把题目缩到了比如说是雅典政治家伯里克利的一生业绩，仍然有着关于他的数千本书和文章。我的主要论点应该是什么？我应该提出哪些要点？论文中应该包括哪些材料以支持我的论点？我常常在没有任何头绪的情况下花上几小时，几百页几百页地阅读；有多少晚上我在图书馆里踱来踱去，力图定下论文题目，并选择出我的论点。而我绝不是唯一面对这种困惑的人。耶鲁的学生抱怨论文就像伦敦人抱怨天气那样普遍。花上整夜整夜的时间完成论文则是耶鲁学生对“美好校园年华”的相同记忆中的一部分。
I gradually realized the value of such seemingly unguided education. Allowing students great scope in choosing their own paper topics reflects the Western belief in individual initiative. Students are encouraged to make their own choices and go wherever their interests lead them. On a different level, in the process of groping for a topic, then screening the available material, and finally using it to make an intelligent argument, students learn the important lesson of rapidly processing and critically utilizing a large amount of information. This is an important skill not only in historical research, but in many careers outside the academic world,swheresinformation comes in the form of a tangled mess, not neat textbook passages to be spoon-fed to passive "learners".
我渐渐认识到了这种看似缺乏指导性的教育的价值。在很大的范围内允许学生自己选择论文题目反映了西方对个人原动力的信任。学生们受到鼓励自己做出选择，他们的兴趣主导着他们随意发展。在各个不同层次上，在摸索论文题目的过程中，之后在筛选手中材料时，以及最后用这些材料构成睿智的论点，学生们学到了迅速处理以及批判性地利用大量信息资料这一重要能力，这是一种不仅用于历史研究的重要技能，而且用于学术领域以外的很多领域，在那些地方信息资料纵横交错地出现，而不是像清晰的教科书上的段落那样，准备一句句地喂给被动的学生。
I find the language skills acquired from history classes highly relevant in the real world. Because of the broad spectrum of subjects that history encompasses - political events, social changes, intellectual and artistic movements, etc - the student of history has to command a wide vocabulary to describe and analyze these different subjects. For my history classes, I wrote papers on the military strategy that Athens and Sparta employed in the Persian War, the autobiography of the medieval philosopher Abelard, Russian peasant uprisings in the 1860s, the environmental crisis in the early Qing Dynasty, and numerous other topics. Intensive reading, writing, and discussion forced me to absorb and master new vocabulary and rhetorical tactics at a rapid pace. And happily, many historians are excellent stylists. Their precise and supple use of English makes their books models of English expository prose at its best.
我发现历史课中需要的语言技能与现实生活密切相关。因为历史包含的题材很宽——政治事件、社会变化、文化与艺术运动等等——历史系的学生必须掌握很宽的词汇面才能描述并分析这些不同的主题。对于我的历史课来说，我写过的论文有关于雅典与斯巴达在波斯战争中使用的军事战略、中世纪哲学家阿伯拉尔的自传、19世纪60年代俄罗斯农民的起义、中国清代早期的生态环境危机，还有很多其他题目。大量的阅读、写作与讨论使我迅速地吸收并掌握了新的词汇与修辞技巧。而且令人高兴的是，很多历史学家也是优秀作家，他们对英语的精妙运用使他们的著作成为英语说明性散文的最好典范。
Writing well is a fine skill, but is it important? Yes, very! Many companies that came to recruit at Yale, including most of the well-known Wall Street finance and consulting firms, made no secret of their preference for candidates with solid writing skills. Each year these firms hire a large number of new graduates with majors such as history, English, and political science, but no formal finance or business education. Curiously, the undergraduate economics or finance curriculum at elite private universities such as Yale, Harvard and Princeton has a strong theoretical bent and is not immediately applicable to a career in a private firm. Indeed, most elite universities don't even have an undergraduate business program. In the US one of the most influential and lucrative professions is law, a field in which writing skills are indispensable. Not surprisingly, law school is one of the most popular destinations for Yale grads majoring in history.
写作能力强是一项很好的技能，但它是否重要呢？是的，非常重要！很多来耶鲁大学招聘学生的公司，包括大多数众所周知的华尔街金融与咨询公司，公开声明他们首选那些有着坚实的写作能力的应聘者。每年这些公司都雇用大量的来自历史系、英语系、政治学系的毕业生，但他们都没有受到过正式的金融与商科的教育。令人感到好奇的是，在诸如耶鲁、哈佛、普林斯顿这样的名牌私立大学里，本科生的经济与金融课程带有极强的理论倾向，并不能马上应用于私人公司的业务。的确，多数名牌大学甚至不开设本科生的商科课程。在美国最有影响力收入也最高的职业之一就是律师，而这一行中写作技能是绝对必要的。因此，上法学院是耶鲁大学历史系毕业生最为普遍的目标之一并不奇怪。
The ability to use words well is highly valued and respected in Western culture. The two most "popular" figures on the Yale campus are probably Richard Brodhead, dean of Yale College, and sinologist Jonathan Spence. Both cast their spell on the Yale community through the excellence of their writing and public speaking. Spence's course on modern Chinese history once drew a first-day crowd of 650. He had to limit enrollment to 400, the capacity of the largest lecture hall at Yale. From my experience, Chinese students with an excellent command of English receive a lot of respect and attention from Americans.
很好地运用词语的能力在西方文化中受到高度的评价与尊重。在耶鲁校园中最“红”的两个人物大概就是耶鲁本科生院院长理查德·布洛德海德和汉学家乔纳森·斯彭斯了。他二人通过出色的写作与演讲，魔力般吸引了整个耶鲁。斯彭斯主讲的中国现代史课程一度在开学后的第一天的试听课上引来了650名学生，他不得不把人数限制在400名，也就是耶鲁最大的演讲厅所能容纳的人数。就我个人经验而言，能够出色地掌握英语的中国学生会受到美国人的极大尊重与重视。
So a history education is useful. Yet if the question "Why study history?" had been put to the 204 history majors in my class, chances are that they would have replied, "Because it's fun." And it is!. The study of history is enjoyable on several levels. The lectures are often the highlight of a history course. Boasting one of the finest history departments in the US, Yale has many history professors of superstar status. Often superb story tellers, they turn lecturessintosgrand historical drama. Jonathan Spence's lectures are known for his insightful anecdotes from Chinese history. In the famous course on ancient Greek history taught by Donald Kagan, students would applaud at the end of each lecture to acknowledge Kagan's impassioned eloquence. My personal favorite was Prof. James Heinzen's history of modern Russia: on the grand level, the Russian people's heroic struggle with destiny over the past 200 years is deeply moving.
因此，接受历史课的教育是非常有用的。然而，如果你问我们年级的204名历史专业的学生“为什么要学习历史？”他们很可能答道：“因为它有意思。”学历史确实有意思。学习历史在好几个层次上是很有乐趣的。演讲课常常是历史课的亮点，敢说拥有全美最优秀的历史系之一的耶鲁，有着很多具有超级名星地位的历史教授。常常是极棒的故事大王的教授们把演讲课变成了美妙的历史戏剧。乔纳森·斯彭斯的演讲以其对中国历史轶事的洞察而著称；在由唐纳德·卡根教授的著名课程古希腊史中，他每次演讲之后学生都报以掌声以感谢他那富有激情的雄辩。我个人最喜欢詹姆斯·海因森教授的现代俄国史。总的说来，过去200年中俄罗斯人民与命运的英勇抗争深深打动了我。
Reading is another great source of enjoyment that I cannot help mentioning. In a typical history course, the professor lectures on historical developments in broad terms, while the reading for a particular week, usually a book on a specific subject, supplements the professor's presentation with vivid details and a more thorough analysis of something touched on in the lectures. Reading is really the blood and flesh of the course. In the class I took on the history of modern Germany, for example, Prof. Henry Turner focuses his lectures exclusively on the socio-political development of Germany since Bismarck. The reading includes the biography of Bismarck by AG Taylor, excerpts from German Marxist Eduard Bernstein's political writing and 19th century German historian Heinrich von Treitschke's lecture notes, Heinrich Mann's novel Man of Straw, excerpts from Hitler's Mein Kampf, Michael Allen's The Nazi Seizure of Power, and many other books. While a few, such as Hitler's Mein Kampf, were torture to read, most were fascinating. I spent many weekends in the library doing my history reading, and a good book to read was an important part of my Saturday "relaxation".
我忍不住要提及的是，阅读是快乐的另一个源泉。在一典型的历史课程中，教授在演讲历史发展时是粗线条的，而某一周的阅读，通常是某一主题的一本书，对于演讲中涉及的某些内容提供了生动的细节和更透彻的分析，进而补充了教授的演讲。阅读实实在在是课程的血与肉。比如，在我选的德国近代史课程中，享利·特纳教授的演讲集中在自俾斯麦以来德国社会政治的发展，而阅读则包括了由AG·泰勒所写的俾斯麦的生平、德国马克思主义者爱德华·伯恩斯坦的政论选以及19世纪德国历史学家海因里赫·范·特来奇克的演讲记录、海因里赫·曼的小说《稻草人》，希特勒的《我的奋斗》的节录、麦克尔·艾伦的《纳粹攫取权力》，还有很多其他的书。尽管个别的书籍像希特勒的《我的奋斗》读起来是一种煎熬，大多数都是很吸引人的。很多周末我都是在图书馆里阅读有关历史的书籍，读一本好书则是我星期六“放松”的一项重要内容。
History is not only fun for people who study it, but also for the people who research it. When I talked with Prof. Turner about one of his books, he told me that the idea for it arose as he was browsing through the catalogue of some Nazi documents newly released after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Among the documents were personal letters from Franz von Papen, one of the key figures behind Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. Turner thought that they might reveal something about the power struggle immediately before Hitler's rise to power, so he asked a colleague doing research in Moscow to photocopy some of the letters. These, as it turned out, told a story about Hitler's ascent to power quite different from what most people had believed. Based on these and other documents, Turner wrote a book that brought our understanding of this period closer to historical reality. Almost ten years after its publication, the aged professor still got very excited over his book: "It was detective work. I had a lot of fun working on it."
历史不仅仅对学习历史的人是有趣的，对在这一领域进行研究的人也是有趣的。当我与特纳教授谈起他的一本书时，他告诉我在他浏览苏联解体后新解禁的某些纳粹文件目录时萌生了写这本书的想法。在这些文件中有弗朗西·范·帕朋的私人信件，他是1933年1月希特勒被任命为总理的幕后关键人物之一。特纳想，这些信件有可能会透露出希特勒登上权力宝座前夕的权力之争，于是他请正在莫斯科进行研究的一位同事复印了这些信件中的一部分。这些信件，正如它所证实的，告诉了人们一个有关希特勒的权力攀升的故事，它与大多数人所相信的截然不同。基于这些以及其他文献，特纳写了一本书，使我们对这一历史时期的理解更加接近历史真实。在这本书出版几乎十年以后，这位上了年纪的教授谈起这本书依然很兴奋：“这是一本侦探性的书，写这本书时可有意思了。”
No essay or book fully explains why people study history. The answer given by Donald Kagan, Yale's celebrated professor of ancient Greek history, captures the essence of the problem: "You only know why people should study history after you have studied history.
没有哪篇文章或哪本书充分地解释过为什么人们要学习历史，耶鲁大学古希腊史的著名教授唐纳德·卡根给出的答案抓住了问题的根本：“只有你学了历史以后才知道人们为什么应该学习历史。”
电视机前的一代
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It's no secret that most busy American mothers use the TV set as a live-in babysitter. In some households the tube holds a child's attention for the odd half hour or two while mom works on dinner; in others it is the child's constant daytime companion. Is there any harm in this?
Debate rages over the question, and periodically research is published showing that TV reduces attention span, makes children jumpy or inclines them to violence. In today's cartoon David Horsey makes fun of the claims of "children's TV", the special programming that supposedly uses entertainment to help youngsters to learn to read and take their first steps in the big, diverse world outside their family. What do children really get from this programming?
Horsey's suspicion is that children's programming chiefly turns kids into TV addicts, not into readers or happy mixers. The toddler in the cartoon, still at the age of pacifiers and stuffed animals, is held spellbound by the figure on the screen. What is the stimulating message of this creature specifically designed to fascinate small children? "Can you say TV?" The sooner the kid learns the word, the more effectively he can remind -- or nag -- his mother to turn on the boob tube.
A child hooked on TV is a viewer open to commercial messages, and there are plenty of those targeting children of all ages. Thus, at the very least, mom's search for peace and quiet sets the stage for her child's transformation into an American consumer -- and, of course, soaks up time that could be used for other, perhaps more desirable, transformations.
社会热点：电视对孩子成长的危害
在美国，很多忙碌的母亲把电视当成住在家里的保姆，这已不是什么秘密。在有些家庭中，当妈妈做饭时电视会拴住孩子的注意力，有时是半小时甚至两小时。还有些家庭，电视就是孩子整天的伙伴。这种情况有什么害处吗？
对这一问题的争论十分激烈，相关研究也在定期发表，这些研究表明，电视缩小了孩子们的兴趣范围，使孩子们变得心绪不宁，产生暴力倾向。在今天的漫画中，漫画家戴维-霍尔西嘲笑了“儿童电视节目”的自我标榜，这种电视节目据说是用娱乐方式来帮助儿童学习认字，帮助儿童向家庭之外的大千世界迈出第一步。但是孩子们从这种节目中真正得到了什么呢？
霍尔西认为，儿童节目的主要功能是把儿童变成电视迷，而不是变成爱读书的人或是善于与不同的人相处的人。漫画中刚学走步的孩子还处于叼奶嘴和玩毛绒动物玩具的年龄，可已经被电视上的人物迷住了。而这个被设计成非常吸引小孩子的形象正在启发孩子什么呢？——“你会说‘电视’这个词吗？”只要孩子一学会这个词，他就能更明确地提醒妈妈--更可能是纠缠妈妈--打开会把人变蠢的电视。
被电视拴住的孩子对商业广告毫无限制地接受，而商业广告中有很多针对所有年龄段的孩子。因此，妈妈想通过电视让孩子安静下来的做法，其负面影响往最小了说，是为把孩子变成成天想着买东西的人打下了基础——当然，这还使孩子把时间全耗费在电视上了，而这些时间本可以用在对孩子成长更有意义的事情上。
It's no secret that most busy American mothers use the TV set as a live-in babysitter. In some households the tube holds a child's attention for the odd half hour or two while mom works on dinner; in others it is the child's constant daytime companion. Is there any harm in this?
Debate rages over the question, and periodically research is published showing that TV reduces attention span, makes children jumpy or inclines them to violence. In today's cartoon David Horsey makes fun of the claims of "children's TV", the special programming that supposedly uses entertainment to help youngsters to learn to read and take their first steps in the big, diverse world outside their family. What do children really get from this programming?
Horsey's suspicion is that children's programming chiefly turns kids into TV addicts, not into readers or happy mixers. The toddler in the cartoon, still at the age of pacifiers and stuffed animals, is held spellbound by the figure on the screen. What is the stimulating message of this creature specifically designed to fascinate small children? "Can you say TV?" The sooner the kid learns the word, the more effectively he can remind -- or nag -- his mother to turn on the boob tube.
A child hooked on TV is a viewer open to commercial messages, and there are plenty of those targeting children of all ages. Thus, at the very least, mom's search for peace and quiet sets the stage for her child's transformation into an American consumer -- and, of course, soaks up time that could be used for other, perhaps more desirable, transformations.
社会热点：电视对孩子成长的危害
在美国，很多忙碌的母亲把电视当成住在家里的保姆，这已不是什么秘密。在有些家庭中，当妈妈做饭时电视会拴住孩子的注意力，有时是半小时甚至两小时。还有些家庭，电视就是孩子整天的伙伴。这种情况有什么害处吗？
对这一问题的争论十分激烈，相关研究也在定期发表，这些研究表明，电视缩小了孩子们的兴趣范围，使孩子们变得心绪不宁，产生暴力倾向。在今天的漫画中，漫画家戴维-霍尔西嘲笑了“儿童电视节目”的自我标榜，这种电视节目据说是用娱乐方式来帮助儿童学习认字，帮助儿童向家庭之外的大千世界迈出第一步。但是孩子们从这种节目中真正得到了什么呢？
霍尔西认为，儿童节目的主要功能是把儿童变成电视迷，而不是变成爱读书的人或是善于与不同的人相处的人。漫画中刚学走步的孩子还处于叼奶嘴和玩毛绒动物玩具的年龄，可已经被电视上的人物迷住了。而这个被设计成非常吸引小孩子的形象正在启发孩子什么呢？——“你会说‘电视’这个词吗？”只要孩子一学会这个词，他就能更明确地提醒妈妈--更可能是纠缠妈妈--打开会把人变蠢的电视。
被电视拴住的孩子对商业广告毫无限制地接受，而商业广告中有很多针对所有年龄段的孩子。因此，妈妈想通过电视让孩子安静下来的做法，其负面影响往最小了说，是为把孩子变成成天想着买东西的人打下了基础——当然，这还使孩子把时间全耗费在电视上了，而这些时间本可以用在对孩子成长更有意义的事情上。
体育也是教育
Sports are a kind of education
For many young people in my part of the world (suburban America), the first brush with organized athletics comes on a Saturday morning in early spring. The weather is getting warmer and the school year's end is imminent, and moms, sensing the approach of summer vacation and Too Much Free Time, pile us into the backs of minivans and drive us to our town's local sports and recreation center. In my hometown, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, kids converge each year on the EHT Youth Organization Building, a cinderblock shack in the middle of a handful of baseball and football fields. There lines are waited in, forms filled out, birth certificates examined and photocopied, health insurance waivers furnished and signed. At the end of the morning, kids are signed up for little-league baseball and an instant summer schedule of activities has been created. Then it's time to go to Burger King.
在这个世界上我所居住的地区(美国市郊)，很多少年第一次接触有组织的体育活动是在初春的某个星期六上午。那时天气正在转暖，学校的课程也接近尾声，妈妈们意识到暑假即将来临，孩子们将有太多太多的自由时间，便把我们塞到小面包车的后座上，开到镇上的体育娱乐中心。在我的老家，新泽西州的蛋湾镇，孩子们每年都会聚到镇上的“青少年组织大厦”，那是一座位于几个棒球场和橄榄球场中央的用水泥矿渣砌的小房子。大家排着队等着进去，要填写表格，要检验出生证明并复印，并在提供的健康保险弃权书上签字。快到中午的时候，孩子们已经成为小小棒球联合会的一员，一到夏季就马上开始的活动计划也制定了出来。之后，便是去汉堡王快餐厅的时候了。
For parents seeking productive ways to occupy their children's time, summer sports leagues offer a convenient and time-tested outlet for overabundant energy. In my case that meant baseball. America's pastime: nine weeks of pitched fastballs and sore elbows, grounders up the middle, digging it out to first base, shagging flies in the outfield and swatting mosquitoes in the infield. Then, after six innings, back to Burger King.
A couple of weeks after the signups at the cinderblock shack, we kids would be rounded up into teams and coached in the fundamentals of pitching, catching, hitting, and running bases. We'd be supplied with color-coded jerseys and mesh baseball caps, and then we would play a season's worth of games against one another. Playoffs would be held and champions crowned. At the end of the season an all-star team of the league's best players would be assembled to play against the best teams from neighboring towns.
对于那些寻求以富有成果的方式来占据孩子业余时间的父母来说，夏季体育联合会为精力过剩的孩子们提供了方便而且经受了时间检验的释放能量的出口。就我而言，这个出口就是棒球。这是一种美国的消闲方式：九周的快速投球，胳膊肘酸疼；打出一直滚到场中间的地滚球；从地上捡起球再扔给第一垒；在边场抓住飞球；在内场拍打蚊子。每天赛过六局之后，就去汉堡王快餐店了。
在水泥矿渣小屋报名后几周，我们这些孩子就被召集起来组成球队，跟着教练学基本的投球、接球、击球和跑垒，还发给我们有彩色号码的运动衫与带网眼的棒球帽，接下来我们就开始一个赛季的相互比赛。加时赛将会举行，最后决出冠军。在赛季末尾，由小小球联最好的队员组成的全明星队员集结在一起与邻镇最棒的球队比赛。
Back and forth across the country this system repeats itself from town to town and sport to sport with little variation. Some leagues have storied pasts: baseball's Little League or football's Pop Warner League. Some are newer. In cities it is often the Policemen's Benevolent Association or the YMCA that assumes the sponsorship role. Always, though, there is the underlying idea that organized sport is a valuable and productive use of a young person's time. Sports, in short, are a kind of education, teaching important life skills that can't be learned in school.
Ideas about the educational value of sports vary widely. For some, sports foster the social development of young people, teaching kids how to interact with their peers outside the classroom. Sports teach kids what it means to compete - how to cope with losing, how to respond gracefully to success. Sports are about teamwork, how to work together toward a common goal. Sometimes they're about developing a sense of self-esteem. Sometimes they're simply about finding a healthy way to tire hyperactive kids out so they'll sit still in class or get to bed at a reasonable hour. Some bolder advocates claim that their games build character.
在全美国，这样的运动体系从一个城镇到另一个城镇，从一种运动到另一种运动，反反复复地重复着，没有太大的变化。有些体育联合会有着传奇般的历史，如棒球的小小球联，橄榄球的老华纳球联，有些联合会则是新建的。在大城市中通常是“警方慈善联合会”或者是“青年基督教联合会”担任体育联合会的主办方。然而，共有的一个基本想法是：有组织的体育活动是对青少年业余时间的很有价值、很有成果的利用。简而言之，体育也是一种教育，它教给孩子们在学校学不到的重要的生活技能。
关于体育的教育价值的认识很宽泛，不尽相同。有人认为，体育促进了青少年社会交往能力，教会孩子们如何在课堂外与同伴打交道；体育教给孩子竞争意味着什么——如何对待失利,如何温文尔雅地面对胜利；体育是团队活动，如何为了一个共同目标而携手共进；有时候，体育可培养自尊心；有时候，体育不过是找到一种健康方式让多动的孩子精疲力尽，好让他们能够安静地坐在课堂上，或是在该睡觉的钟点能上床。一些更大胆的拥护者声称他们的体育项目可以塑造高尚品格。
Given the prevailing educational undercurrent, it's no surprise that many kids' second brush with organized athletics takes place in a school. Junior highs and high schools sponsor their own sports programs and field teams of football, basketball, soccer and tennis players. There the educational theme is given a more direct and tangible form as squads of student-athletes travel around the state representing their schools on the field, court or diamond. Yet here, strangely enough, is where a bit of the educational component begins to alter. High school teams are necessarily more selective than their youth league predecessors. Tryouts are held, and less promising players are cut. Coaches receive salaries, and there is an expectation that the teams they shape will win. In sum, there is a slight change in emphasis away from education and toward outright competition.
Little-league sports, by contrast, are fundamentally egalitarian institutions, inclusive, unselective and welcoming (at least in theory) of different levels of ability. An important question in US life: how to balance this wish to be inclusive with the need to maintain authentic competition and play to win? This is indeed an important question in all walks of life and in any country.
考虑到体育运动普遍而潜在的教育作用，很多孩子第二次接触有组织的体育活动发生在学校也就不奇怪了。很多初中和高中都举办他们自己的体育项目并组织橄榄球、篮球、足球和网球队。当学生运动队代表本校到州内的各足球、篮球、棒球场上巡回比赛，教育主题就被赋予了更直接更具体的形式。然而，极为奇怪的是，教育成分在这里开始有了一点儿改变，高中的校队比中小学校队的选拔要严多了，学校要进行测试，发展前途不大的队员就被淘汰掉了。教练们有工资，而且期望自己培养的球队能在比赛中打赢。总之，以教育为主的侧重点有了细微的变化，开始向彻底竞争的方向转化。
相比之下，小小球联的体育运动则从根本上是平等的组织，它包容一切青少年，不进行筛选，欢迎各种能力的孩子参加(至少理论上是如此)。在美国的社会生活中，一个重要的问题就是：如何平衡既要包容所有人又要保证权威性的竞争并且获胜？这的确是一个各行各业以及任何一个国家都存在的重要问题。
I proved a mediocre baseball player in high school but an above-average (American) football player, and as time passed I devoted more and more energy to that endeavor. Why? So I could get a scholarship to college and continue my education, of course.
Living in China, I find that one of the things I miss most is watching my high school and college teams play other schools' teams each Saturday afternoon. That and Burger King.
在高中时，事实证明我打棒球平平，但橄榄球却在中等之上。随着时间的推移，我把越来越多的精力投入到奋力拼搏的橄榄球运动中。为什么呢？因为我这样可以得到上大学的奖学金继续我的学业。
来到中国，我发现最怀念的事情之一就是在国内时每星期六下午看我中学母校与大学母校的校队与其他校队比赛。此外还有汉堡王快餐厅。
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For many young people in my part of the world (suburban America), the first brush with organized athletics comes on a Saturday morning in early spring. The weather is getting warmer and the school year's end is imminent, and moms, sensing the approach of summer vacation and Too Much Free Time, pile us into the backs of minivans and drive us to our town's local sports and recreation center. In my hometown, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, kids converge each year on the EHT Youth Organization Building, a cinderblock shack in the middle of a handful of baseball and football fields. There lines are waited in, forms filled out, birth certificates examined and photocopied, health insurance waivers furnished and signed. At the end of the morning, kids are signed up for little-league baseball and an instant summer schedule of activities has been created. Then it's time to go to Burger King.
在这个世界上我所居住的地区(美国市郊)，很多少年第一次接触有组织的体育活动是在初春的某个星期六上午。那时天气正在转暖，学校的课程也接近尾声，妈妈们意识到暑假即将来临，孩子们将有太多太多的自由时间，便把我们塞到小面包车的后座上，开到镇上的体育娱乐中心。在我的老家，新泽西州的蛋湾镇，孩子们每年都会聚到镇上的“青少年组织大厦”，那是一座位于几个棒球场和橄榄球场中央的用水泥矿渣砌的小房子。大家排着队等着进去，要填写表格，要检验出生证明并复印，并在提供的健康保险弃权书上签字。快到中午的时候，孩子们已经成为小小棒球联合会的一员，一到夏季就马上开始的活动计划也制定了出来。之后，便是去汉堡王快餐厅的时候了。
For parents seeking productive ways to occupy their children's time, summer sports leagues offer a convenient and time-tested outlet for overabundant energy. In my case that meant baseball. America's pastime: nine weeks of pitched fastballs and sore elbows, grounders up the middle, digging it out to first base, shagging flies in the outfield and swatting mosquitoes in the infield. Then, after six innings, back to Burger King.
A couple of weeks after the signups at the cinderblock shack, we kids would be rounded up into teams and coached in the fundamentals of pitching, catching, hitting, and running bases. We'd be supplied with color-coded jerseys and mesh baseball caps, and then we would play a season's worth of games against one another. Playoffs would be held and champions crowned. At the end of the season an all-star team of the league's best players would be assembled to play against the best teams from neighboring towns.
对于那些寻求以富有成果的方式来占据孩子业余时间的父母来说，夏季体育联合会为精力过剩的孩子们提供了方便而且经受了时间检验的释放能量的出口。就我而言，这个出口就是棒球。这是一种美国的消闲方式：九周的快速投球，胳膊肘酸疼；打出一直滚到场中间的地滚球；从地上捡起球再扔给第一垒；在边场抓住飞球；在内场拍打蚊子。每天赛过六局之后，就去汉堡王快餐店了。
在水泥矿渣小屋报名后几周，我们这些孩子就被召集起来组成球队，跟着教练学基本的投球、接球、击球和跑垒，还发给我们有彩色号码的运动衫与带网眼的棒球帽，接下来我们就开始一个赛季的相互比赛。加时赛将会举行，最后决出冠军。在赛季末尾，由小小球联最好的队员组成的全明星队员集结在一起与邻镇最棒的球队比赛。
Back and forth across the country this system repeats itself from town to town and sport to sport with little variation. Some leagues have storied pasts: baseball's Little League or football's Pop Warner League. Some are newer. In cities it is often the Policemen's Benevolent Association or the YMCA that assumes the sponsorship role. Always, though, there is the underlying idea that organized sport is a valuable and productive use of a young person's time. Sports, in short, are a kind of education, teaching important life skills that can't be learned in school.
Ideas about the educational value of sports vary widely. For some, sports foster the social development of young people, teaching kids how to interact with their peers outside the classroom. Sports teach kids what it means to compete - how to cope with losing, how to respond gracefully to success. Sports are about teamwork, how to work together toward a common goal. Sometimes they're about developing a sense of self-esteem. Sometimes they're simply about finding a healthy way to tire hyperactive kids out so they'll sit still in class or get to bed at a reasonable hour. Some bolder advocates claim that their games build character.
在全美国，这样的运动体系从一个城镇到另一个城镇，从一种运动到另一种运动，反反复复地重复着，没有太大的变化。有些体育联合会有着传奇般的历史，如棒球的小小球联，橄榄球的老华纳球联，有些联合会则是新建的。在大城市中通常是“警方慈善联合会”或者是“青年基督教联合会”担任体育联合会的主办方。然而，共有的一个基本想法是：有组织的体育活动是对青少年业余时间的很有价值、很有成果的利用。简而言之，体育也是一种教育，它教给孩子们在学校学不到的重要的生活技能。
关于体育的教育价值的认识很宽泛，不尽相同。有人认为，体育促进了青少年社会交往能力，教会孩子们如何在课堂外与同伴打交道；体育教给孩子竞争意味着什么——如何对待失利,如何温文尔雅地面对胜利；体育是团队活动，如何为了一个共同目标而携手共进；有时候，体育可培养自尊心；有时候，体育不过是找到一种健康方式让多动的孩子精疲力尽，好让他们能够安静地坐在课堂上，或是在该睡觉的钟点能上床。一些更大胆的拥护者声称他们的体育项目可以塑造高尚品格。
Given the prevailing educational undercurrent, it's no surprise that many kids' second brush with organized athletics takes place in a school. Junior highs and high schools sponsor their own sports programs and field teams of football, basketball, soccer and tennis players. There the educational theme is given a more direct and tangible form as squads of student-athletes travel around the state representing their schools on the field, court or diamond. Yet here, strangely enough, is where a bit of the educational component begins to alter. High school teams are necessarily more selective than their youth league predecessors. Tryouts are held, and less promising players are cut. Coaches receive salaries, and there is an expectation that the teams they shape will win. In sum, there is a slight change in emphasis away from education and toward outright competition.
Little-league sports, by contrast, are fundamentally egalitarian institutions, inclusive, unselective and welcoming (at least in theory) of different levels of ability. An important question in US life: how to balance this wish to be inclusive with the need to maintain authentic competition and play to win? This is indeed an important question in all walks of life and in any country.
考虑到体育运动普遍而潜在的教育作用，很多孩子第二次接触有组织的体育活动发生在学校也就不奇怪了。很多初中和高中都举办他们自己的体育项目并组织橄榄球、篮球、足球和网球队。当学生运动队代表本校到州内的各足球、篮球、棒球场上巡回比赛，教育主题就被赋予了更直接更具体的形式。然而，极为奇怪的是，教育成分在这里开始有了一点儿改变，高中的校队比中小学校队的选拔要严多了，学校要进行测试，发展前途不大的队员就被淘汰掉了。教练们有工资，而且期望自己培养的球队能在比赛中打赢。总之，以教育为主的侧重点有了细微的变化，开始向彻底竞争的方向转化。
相比之下，小小球联的体育运动则从根本上是平等的组织，它包容一切青少年，不进行筛选，欢迎各种能力的孩子参加(至少理论上是如此)。在美国的社会生活中，一个重要的问题就是：如何平衡既要包容所有人又要保证权威性的竞争并且获胜？这的确是一个各行各业以及任何一个国家都存在的重要问题。
I proved a mediocre baseball player in high school but an above-average (American) football player, and as time passed I devoted more and more energy to that endeavor. Why? So I could get a scholarship to college and continue my education, of course.
Living in China, I find that one of the things I miss most is watching my high school and college teams play other schools' teams each Saturday afternoon. That and Burger King.
在高中时，事实证明我打棒球平平，但橄榄球却在中等之上。随着时间的推移，我把越来越多的精力投入到奋力拼搏的橄榄球运动中。为什么呢？因为我这样可以得到上大学的奖学金继续我的学业。
来到中国，我发现最怀念的事情之一就是在国内时每星期六下午看我中学母校与大学母校的校队与其他校队比赛。此外还有汉堡王快餐厅。
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成为顺当的激励者
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It's hard to make children do what's good for them when they've got other ideas. Author and psychotherapist Gael Lindenfield shows how pressing the right buttons can make a lasting contribution to your child's wellbeing.
Being a smooth motivator
Physical force or threats may make children do as they're told in the short term but their compliance will last only as long as the threat is relevant. Then they will go back to doing what they wanted to do in the first place.
The parental approval ploy -- "Mummy will be so pleased" or "Daddy would be so proud of you" -- may have limited success when they're small but it won't work on teenagers, whose strongest motivation is parental disapproval. This sort of eager-to-please passivity is not likely to impress a future boss looking for a go-getter.
However, there are ways to build and boost their self-motivation in a way that will be as beneficial to you as to them. Here are some tips on how to help your children want to do what they need to do:
当孩子思想不通时，很难使他们做对他们自己有益的事。作家兼心理治疗学家盖尔·林登费尔德向你揭示了下列可能对你的孩子的健康成长具有持久影响的正确方法。
成为顺当的激励者
强制或威胁也许能使孩子暂时惟命是从，但也仅仅限于威胁起作用的时候。过后，他们又回到原来想做的事上去。
父母采用赞许的办法--如："妈妈会非常高兴"或"爸爸会为你感到自豪"--在孩子很小时有时也许能奏效，但对十几岁的少年却不起作用，这个年龄段的孩子做事总是与父母的意见相悖。这种对"急欲取悦别人"的否定心态将来找工作可就难了，它不可能给老板留下好印象，因为他要的是富有事业心的人。
然而，有一些办法可以发展和促进孩子的自我激励意识，它对父母和孩子都有益。以下即是如何帮助你的孩子主动做他们应该做的事的诀窍：
☆ Constantly remind them they deserve success - self-esteem is at the heart of self-motivation but remember, your love is not enough. They have to act in a loving way towards themselves so make them aware of behaviour and habits that are self-destructive and self-sabotaging.
☆ Fire up their curiosity and excitement about life by extending their horizons -- take them on adventures to new places and ensure they meet as many different kinds of people as possible to broaden their outlook.
☆ 经常提醒他们会取得成功--自尊是自我激励的核心，但要记住仅有你的爱是不够的。他们必须自爱，因此，要使他们认识哪些行为和习惯对自己有害，会造成对己不利的影响。
☆扩大他们的视野以激发他们对生活的好奇心和兴奋点--带他们去异国他乡、奇风异俗的地方，尽量接触各色人等，以此扩大他们的视野。
☆ Encourage them to pursue realistic dreams -- and make sure these are kept alive and believable. For example, get books or videos or cut out articles about people doing what they want to do, or find a way for them to meet them or write to them. Most successful adults will willingly make time to inspire children who want to be like them.
☆ Use "pull" not" push" to help them make hard choices and don't let your own fear of the unknown dictate what your children should or shouldn't do. Help them to find out what they really want and what is most likely to work by teaching them decision-making techniques. You can't make all their decisions for them and although you don't always approve or agree with what they want to do, you must be prepared to stand by them and offer support.
☆鼓励他们追求可成为现实的梦想--确保这些梦想能够继续和可信。比如，为他们购买关于那些能做自己想做的事的人的书籍、录像或剪报，或为他们想办法与这些人见面或给他们写信。多数功成名就的人都愿花时间激励崇拜他们的孩子。
☆使用"拉"而不"推"的方法帮助他们做艰难的决择，不要因为担心自己不了解就决定孩子该做什么和不该做什么。教他们做决定的技巧，以此来帮他们认识自己真正想做什么和做什么最有效。你不能一切决定都代他做，尽管你对他们想做的事并非全都赞成或同意，但你必须与他们站在一起并支持他们。
☆ Encourage them to be self-forgiving when they make mistakes -- help them to see what they have learned from them and what you have learned from yours. Challenge their negative talk and make sure you're not too stressed to see the "silver lining", too.
☆ Make the celebrity culture work for you and them -- keep abreast of their current heroes. If they don't know much about them, do some research together to see what has helped them become successful and stay motivated. Magazines and the Internet are full of interviews and stories about how famous people " made it". You can then refer back to this meaningful wisdom when the going gets tough. For example:" David Beckham didn't get where he is today by staying up all night playing computer games," or" Kylie Minogue is so attractive because she smiles all the time."
☆当他们犯了错误时，鼓励他们原谅自己--帮助他们学会从错误中获得教益并告诉他们你从自己的错误中得到了什么教训。反驳他们的消极谈话，自己一定不要过于压抑以至于看不到失望中的"一线希望"。
☆让明星文化为你和孩子们发挥作用--了解他们当前心目中的英雄人物是哪些。如果他们不太了解这些人物，那你就与孩子们一起做些调查，看看是什么帮助这些明星成功并时刻让自己获得激励。杂志和因特网充满名人如"成功"的访问记和报道。当与孩子的交流出现问题时，可以回想一下并利用这些有用的智慧：比如"如果戴维·贝克汉姆整个晚上都玩电子游戏，他肯定不会取得今天的成就"或"剀莉·米诺格之所以如此迷人，是因为她总是面带微笑"。
☆ Encourage them to be self-reflective when they get it right -- help them to think about the hows and whys. Reminding them of things they have done well in the past may also help. For example:"You seemed to have no trouble getting down to that essay. I wonder why it was easier for you to do your homework this week?" Or:" Do you remember during the exams last term, you found thinking positively and not panicking really seemed to help you?"
☆ Hold back on negative criticism until they have made their own assessment. For example:"Do you think putting yourself down all the time is motivating you?" is better than saying:"You shouldn't put yourself down -- it doesn't help." Similarly:" Do you think you have lost interest partly because you are so tired?" is preferable to: " If you got to bed earlier, you would feel differently."
☆当孩子做对了，要鼓励他们进行思考--帮助他们想一想是怎样和为什么把事情做得很好的。让他们回忆过去做好的事情，这样做也有益。比如："你写那篇文章似乎并不费劲。而且你做这礼拜的作业也更为容易?"或者"你还记得上学期考试时你发现处事乐观、积极，考场上镇静不慌确实对你很有帮助吗?"
☆在他们做出自我估价之前，克制反面的批评。例如："你认为总是灰心丧气会对你有什么帮助吗?"的说法比说"你不该灰心丧气，这对你没有好处!"要好。同样："难道你不觉得有时疲劳会使你失去兴趣吗?"就比"如果你早点睡觉，感觉就会不一样!"更可取。
☆ Encourage them to revel in their successes -- teach them that celebrating achievements can inspire others and that it can be done in a way that doesn't sound like bragging and doesn't make other people feel small. Don't forget that for developing self-motivation, it is more important to celebrate the smaller milestones than the major achievements -- they are naturally more
It's hard to make children do what's good for them when they've got other ideas. Author and psychotherapist Gael Lindenfield shows how pressing the right buttons can make a lasting contribution to your child's wellbeing.
Being a smooth motivator
Physical force or threats may make children do as they're told in the short term but their compliance will last only as long as the threat is relevant. Then they will go back to doing what they wanted to do in the first place.
The parental approval ploy -- "Mummy will be so pleased" or "Daddy would be so proud of you" -- may have limited success when they're small but it won't work on teenagers, whose strongest motivation is parental disapproval. This sort of eager-to-please passivity is not likely to impress a future boss looking for a go-getter.
However, there are ways to build and boost their self-motivation in a way that will be as beneficial to you as to them. Here are some tips on how to help your children want to do what they need to do:
当孩子思想不通时，很难使他们做对他们自己有益的事。作家兼心理治疗学家盖尔·林登费尔德向你揭示了下列可能对你的孩子的健康成长具有持久影响的正确方法。
成为顺当的激励者
强制或威胁也许能使孩子暂时惟命是从，但也仅仅限于威胁起作用的时候。过后，他们又回到原来想做的事上去。
父母采用赞许的办法--如："妈妈会非常高兴"或"爸爸会为你感到自豪"--在孩子很小时有时也许能奏效，但对十几岁的少年却不起作用，这个年龄段的孩子做事总是与父母的意见相悖。这种对"急欲取悦别人"的否定心态将来找工作可就难了，它不可能给老板留下好印象，因为他要的是富有事业心的人。
然而，有一些办法可以发展和促进孩子的自我激励意识，它对父母和孩子都有益。以下即是如何帮助你的孩子主动做他们应该做的事的诀窍：
☆ Constantly remind them they deserve success - self-esteem is at the heart of self-motivation but remember, your love is not enough. They have to act in a loving way towards themselves so make them aware of behaviour and habits that are self-destructive and self-sabotaging.
☆ Fire up their curiosity and excitement about life by extending their horizons -- take them on adventures to new places and ensure they meet as many different kinds of people as possible to broaden their outlook.
☆ 经常提醒他们会取得成功--自尊是自我激励的核心，但要记住仅有你的爱是不够的。他们必须自爱，因此，要使他们认识哪些行为和习惯对自己有害，会造成对己不利的影响。
☆扩大他们的视野以激发他们对生活的好奇心和兴奋点--带他们去异国他乡、奇风异俗的地方，尽量接触各色人等，以此扩大他们的视野。
☆ Encourage them to pursue realistic dreams -- and make sure these are kept alive and believable. For example, get books or videos or cut out articles about people doing what they want to do, or find a way for them to meet them or write to them. Most successful adults will willingly make time to inspire children who want to be like them.
☆ Use "pull" not" push" to help them make hard choices and don't let your own fear of the unknown dictate what your children should or shouldn't do. Help them to find out what they really want and what is most likely to work by teaching them decision-making techniques. You can't make all their decisions for them and although you don't always approve or agree with what they want to do, you must be prepared to stand by them and offer support.
☆鼓励他们追求可成为现实的梦想--确保这些梦想能够继续和可信。比如，为他们购买关于那些能做自己想做的事的人的书籍、录像或剪报，或为他们想办法与这些人见面或给他们写信。多数功成名就的人都愿花时间激励崇拜他们的孩子。
☆使用"拉"而不"推"的方法帮助他们做艰难的决择，不要因为担心自己不了解就决定孩子该做什么和不该做什么。教他们做决定的技巧，以此来帮他们认识自己真正想做什么和做什么最有效。你不能一切决定都代他做，尽管你对他们想做的事并非全都赞成或同意，但你必须与他们站在一起并支持他们。
☆ Encourage them to be self-forgiving when they make mistakes -- help them to see what they have learned from them and what you have learned from yours. Challenge their negative talk and make sure you're not too stressed to see the "silver lining", too.
☆ Make the celebrity culture work for you and them -- keep abreast of their current heroes. If they don't know much about them, do some research together to see what has helped them become successful and stay motivated. Magazines and the Internet are full of interviews and stories about how famous people " made it". You can then refer back to this meaningful wisdom when the going gets tough. For example:" David Beckham didn't get where he is today by staying up all night playing computer games," or" Kylie Minogue is so attractive because she smiles all the time."
☆当他们犯了错误时，鼓励他们原谅自己--帮助他们学会从错误中获得教益并告诉他们你从自己的错误中得到了什么教训。反驳他们的消极谈话，自己一定不要过于压抑以至于看不到失望中的"一线希望"。
☆让明星文化为你和孩子们发挥作用--了解他们当前心目中的英雄人物是哪些。如果他们不太了解这些人物，那你就与孩子们一起做些调查，看看是什么帮助这些明星成功并时刻让自己获得激励。杂志和因特网充满名人如"成功"的访问记和报道。当与孩子的交流出现问题时，可以回想一下并利用这些有用的智慧：比如"如果戴维·贝克汉姆整个晚上都玩电子游戏，他肯定不会取得今天的成就"或"剀莉·米诺格之所以如此迷人，是因为她总是面带微笑"。
☆ Encourage them to be self-reflective when they get it right -- help them to think about the hows and whys. Reminding them of things they have done well in the past may also help. For example:"You seemed to have no trouble getting down to that essay. I wonder why it was easier for you to do your homework this week?" Or:" Do you remember during the exams last term, you found thinking positively and not panicking really seemed to help you?"
☆ Hold back on negative criticism until they have made their own assessment. For example:"Do you think putting yourself down all the time is motivating you?" is better than saying:"You shouldn't put yourself down -- it doesn't help." Similarly:" Do you think you have lost interest partly because you are so tired?" is preferable to: " If you got to bed earlier, you would feel differently."
☆当孩子做对了，要鼓励他们进行思考--帮助他们想一想是怎样和为什么把事情做得很好的。让他们回忆过去做好的事情，这样做也有益。比如："你写那篇文章似乎并不费劲。而且你做这礼拜的作业也更为容易?"或者"你还记得上学期考试时你发现处事乐观、积极，考场上镇静不慌确实对你很有帮助吗?"
☆在他们做出自我估价之前，克制反面的批评。例如："你认为总是灰心丧气会对你有什么帮助吗?"的说法比说"你不该灰心丧气，这对你没有好处!"要好。同样："难道你不觉得有时疲劳会使你失去兴趣吗?"就比"如果你早点睡觉，感觉就会不一样!"更可取。
☆ Encourage them to revel in their successes -- teach them that celebrating achievements can inspire others and that it can be done in a way that doesn't sound like bragging and doesn't make other people feel small. Don't forget that for developing self-motivation, it is more important to celebrate the smaller milestones than the major achievements -- they are naturally more
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